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Y Physiology II > Final: 1st Semester Parameters (Ben) > Flashcards

Final: 1st Semester Parameters (Ben) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ion transport rate of ion channels?

A

106 - 108 ions/sec

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2
Q

What are the Em values for…

skeletal muscle?

neurons?

smooth muscle?

cardiac muscle?

(photoreceptors?)

A

skeletal - -95 mV

neuron - -70 mV

smooth muscle - -60 mV

cardiac muscle - -90 mV

(photoreceptor - -40 mV)

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3
Q

what are the equilibrium potentials of K, Na and Cl in…

skeletal muscle?

neurons?

(plus Ca in neurons)

A
  • Skeletal Muscle:
    • Ek: -94, ENa: +65, ECl: -88
  • Neuron:
    • EK: -90, ENa: +60, ECl: -70, ECa: +130
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4
Q

How long (in ms) is a neuronal AP?

A cardiac ventricular AP?

Skeletal muscle?

SM slow waves?

A

neuronal - 2 ms

ventricular - 200 ms

skeletal muscle - 5 ms

smooth muscle slow wave - seconds (varies)

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5
Q

What are the resting, fully depolarized and hyperpolarization membrane voltages (mV) of a neuron?

Cardiac muscle (with other phases)?

A
  • Neuron: -70 resting, +40 depol, -85 hyper
  • Cardiac Muscle: -85 resting, +20 depol, +5 plateau, no hyper
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6
Q

What is the threshold potential of skeletal muscle?

Approx. how many ACh vesicles (“quanta”) are needed for this?

A

Must go from Em = -90 mV to threshold at -50 mV

  • one vesicle is abt 0.4 mV of depolarizing activity, so to go 40 mV, abt 100 vesicles needed
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7
Q

What are the frequencies of the various pacemaker cells in the heart?

A
  • SA node - 100/min (intrinsic), 70-80 (innervated)
  • AV node/His bundle - 40-60
  • Bundle branches/Purkinje - 20-40
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8
Q

What are the threshold potentials for the various channels involved in SA node function?

A
  • HCN (If, funny current) - below - 50 mV
  • T-VDCC - -50 mV
  • L-VDCC - -25 mV (some pics show -40 ???)
  • K channels - open at high voltages to repolarize
  • GIRK channels - hyperpolarize via vagal stim
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9
Q

What are the conduction velocities of cardiac impulses in various heart tissues?

A
  • Purkinje - 2-4 m/s
  • His Bundle - 1.2 - 2
  • Atrial myocytes - 1 - 1.2
  • Ventricular myocytes - 0.3 - 1
  • SA/AV nodes - <0.01 - 0.05
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10
Q

How long does it take for impulses to be conducted…

SA to AV node?

AV node thru to the bundle branches?

All the way to the furthest points of the ventricles?

A
  • SA to AV: 60 ms
  • AV to bundle branches: 100 ms (160 from SA)
  • Furthest points: 220 ms (SA to ventricular epicardium @ border with atrium)

so the longest delay is in AV node where half the total time is spent

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11
Q

What are the normal durations for…

P wave?

PQ interval?

QRS complex?

A
  • P wave - < 0.12 s
  • PQ interval 0.12 - 0.20 s
  • QRS complex - 0.06 - 0.1 s
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12
Q

What are the normal ampitudes for…

P wave?

R wave?

ST segment?

T wave?

A
  • P wave - < 0.25 mv
  • R wave - > 1 mV (1.2-1.4)
  • ST segment - 0.1-0.2 max (otherwise STEMI)
  • T wave - 0.3 mV
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13
Q

How long is the heart cycle (assuming 75 bpm) ?

Systole/diastole?

Ventricular filling/ejection?

A
  • Cycle: 0.85 s
  • Systole / Diastole: 0.3 / 0.55 s
  • Filling / Ejection: 0.3 / 0.25 s
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14
Q

What are the important values of the left ventricular pressure-volume loop?

Min/max volume?

Isovolumetric contraction min/max pressure?

Isovolumetric relaxation max/min pressure?

stroke volume?

A
  • Volume - ~50-130 ml (maybe more like 45-125)
  • Isovol. Contraction - from 10 to 80 mmHg
  • Peak Pressure - over 120 mmHg
  • Isovol. Relaxation - from 110 back to 5 mmHg
  • Stroke Volume - 80 ml (rep. by horizontal line)
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15
Q

What percent of the total blood (5 L) in the body is in…

systemic circulation (+ by vessel type)?

pulmonary circulation?

the heart?

A
  • Systemic: 84%
    • ​Arteries: 13%
    • Capillaries: 7%
    • Veins: 64%
  • Pulmonary: 9%
  • Heart: 7%
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16
Q

What are the values of the 4 Starling forces pressures (mmHg) along the length of a capillary?

And total effective filtration pressure?

A
  • Capillary Hydrostatic: 35 arteriolar, 15 venular
  • Interstitial Hydrostatic: around 0 to -4(negative!)
  • Capillary Oncotic: 25
  • Interstitial Oncotic: low
  • Total Effective Filtration: 12 arteriolar, -4 venular (negative!)
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17
Q

What is the hourly lymph production volume?

A

120 ml/hr

(about 2.8 L/day, = to plasma volume)

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18
Q

What is the O2 content of arterial blood (ml/L)

and venous blood?

And thus AVDO2?

A

Arterial: 200 ml/l

Venous: 150 ml/l

AVDO2: 50 ml/l

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19
Q

What is the normal mean arterial pressure?

A

93 mmHg

(down to 50 w/o symp inn, or up to 150 w/ high symp inn)

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20
Q

What is the range in which the carotid sinus baroreceptor detects blood pressure changes?

And aortic arch receptor?

A

sinus - 50-200 mmHg

aorta - 100-200 mmHg

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21
Q

What is the flow of skeletal muscle circulation at rest?

At maximum, during exercise?

AVDO2 at rest?

Exercise?

A
  • Flow
    • 1 L/min at rest
    • 20 L/min exercise
  • AVDO2
    • 60 ml/L (so ~30% extraction
    • 150 ml/L exercise (75% extraction)
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22
Q

What is the splanchnic blood flow rate?

AVDO2?

Hepatic circulation?

(its components?)

A
  • Splanchnic Flow: 1.25 L/min (25% CO, down to 5% exer.)
  • AVDO2: 35 ml/L
  • Hepatic Circulation: 1.5 L/min
    • 75% portal vein, 25% hepatic artery
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23
Q

What is the coronary blood flow per minute?

AVDO2?

VO2?

Why is this impressive?

A
  • Flow: 250 ml/min (5% of CO)
  • AVDO2: 120 ml/L (60%!!!)
  • VO2: 30 ml O2/min
  • since heart is only abt 0.4% body weight, this is a huge amount of flow, relatively
24
Q

What is the blood flow rate of brain circulation?

AVDO2?

VO2?

A
  • Flow: 750-850 ml/min
  • AVDO2: 60 ml/L
  • VO2: 50 ml/min
25
Q

What is the intracranial pressure value?

How does this affect the flow in the skull?

A

5-13 mmHg

alters the flow by putting pressure on the vessels

26
Q

What is the autoregulation pressure range of cerebral blood flow?

What does sympathetic innnervation do to this?

A

50-140 mmHg

symp inn. widens the regulatory range to above 140 mmHg

27
Q

What is the volume of total body water?

How much of it is ICF?

ECF?

Interstitial Fluid and Plasma?

A
  • Total Water: 42 L (60% body weight, if 70 kg)
  • ICF: 28 L(40% body weight)
  • ECF: 14 L(20%)
    • Interstitial: 10.5 L(3/4 ECF)
    • Plasma: 3.5 L (1/4 ECF)
  • remember 60-40-20 rule for total-ICF-ECF, mult. by 70 kg weight
  • remember 3/4 ECF is interstitial, 1/4 is plasma
28
Q

What is the ionic composition of ECF?

A
  • Na: 140 mM
  • K: 4 mM
  • Cl: 115 mM
  • Ca: 1.1-1.4 free, 2.2-2.8 total
  • HCO3: 27 mM
29
Q

What is the ionic composition of ICF?

A
  • Na: 15 mM
  • K: 120 - 150 mM
  • Cl: 20 mM
  • Ca: 100 nM
  • HCO3: 15 mM
  • ICF anions are mostly proteins/phosphates
  • another important ICF cation is Mg2+
30
Q

What is the intracellular, extracellular and plasma pH?

And osmolarity everwhere?

A
  • intra : 7.2
  • extra: 7.4
  • plasma: 7.35-7.45
  • 290 mOsm
31
Q

What are the four important lung volumes?

A
  • Tidal Volume - 500 ml
  • Inspiratory Reserve - 3000 ml
  • Expiratory Reserve - 1200 ml
  • Residual Volume - 1200 ml
32
Q

What are the four important lung capacities?

A
  • Inspiratory Capacity: 3500 ml
    • tidal + insp. reserve
  • Functional Residual Capacity: 2400 ml
    • exp. reserve + residual
  • Vital Capacity: 4700 ml
    • ​max inhaled from complete exhale (all - residual)
  • Total Lung Capacity: 5900 ml
    • all volumes combined
33
Q

What is the the normal FEV1/FVC?

And PEFR

A

80% at least

8 L/sec at least

34
Q

What is the normal breathing rate?

And so the normal alveolar minute ventilation?

A
  • rate: 12-18/min
  • alv ventilation: 4200 ml/min
    • alv vent = (Vt - Vdead) x rate
    • (500 - 150) x 12 = 4200
35
Q

What are the alveolar and pleural pressures (cm H2O) during…

rest after expiration?

inspiration?

rest after inspiration?

expiration?

A
  • After exp: 0 alv, -5 pl (5 transmural)
  • Insp: -1 alv, -6.5 pl (5.5 transmural)
  • After insp: 0 alv, -8 pl (8 transmural)
  • Exp: 1 alv, -6.5 pl (7.5 transmural)
  • importantly… alv is 0 at rest b/c equilibrates w/ atmosphere, neg. on insp, pos. on exp
  • can think about retraction tendency + chest expansion to figure out how pl P will change, and transmural is highest on full inspiration, b/c of all the air in lung
36
Q

What are the partial pressures (mmHg) for O2/CO2 in…

inspired air?

alveoli?

arterial blood?

venous blood?

A
  • Inspired Air: 160 / 0.3
  • Alveoli: 100 / 40
  • Arterial: 95 / 40
  • Venous: 40 / 47
37
Q

What are the pressures in the different vessels along the length of the pulmonary circulation?

A
  • Pulm. arteries - 14 mmHg
  • Pulm. caps. - 10.5
  • veins - 9
  • left atrium - 8
38
Q

What is the normal ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q)?

A

0.8

  • is an avg for whole lung because of diff V/Q rates from apex to base
39
Q

What are the % of O2 in free and Hb-bound forms?

What is the total bodily VO2?

A
  • Free, dissolved: 2%
  • Oxy-Hb: 98%
  • VO2: 250 ml/min
    • ​free accts for only 15 ml/min!
40
Q

What percent of blood CO2 is carried in each of its 3 transport forms?

A
  • dissolved: 5%
  • carbamino-Hb: 3%
  • bicarbonate: 90%

not sure where that other 2% goes… maybe binds other proteins

41
Q

What are the glomerular starling forces (in mmHg) at the afferent and efferent ends of the glomerular capillaries?

A
  • Afferent End: 53 Pcap-27 πcap-12 PBowman
    • net ultrafiltration: 15
  • Efferent End: 51 Pcap-33 πcap-12 PBowman
    • net: 6
42
Q

What is the renal blood flow rate?

plasma flow?

A

1200-1300 ml/min blood flow

600-700 ml/min plasma

43
Q

What is normal GFR?

And filtration fraction?

(clearance of what is equal to GFR?)

A
  • GFR - 120 ml/min
  • FF - 20%
    • = GFR/Renal Plasma Flow
    • 120/600 –> 0.2
  • Cinulin = GFR, b/c inulin is filtered but not reabsorbed, secreted or metabolized in the kidney
44
Q

How much NaCl is filtered each day (g) ?

How much of the Na+ does the PCT reabsorb (in each half)?

And the loop of Henle?

Distal convoluted tubule?

A

1500 g NaCl/day (99% reabsorbed)

  • PCT reabsorbs 65% of it
    • ​first half 20%
    • second half 45%
  • Loop - 25%
  • DCT - 5-7%
45
Q

what is the AVDO2 of the kidney?

A

about 500 ml/l

because 350 ml/l for every 100g of kidney and kidneys range btwn 120-170g (350x1.45=~500)

46
Q

What is osmolarity of prox tubule fluid?

Cortex interstitium?

Osmolarity of interstitium/vasa rect/Henle loop in inner medulla?

Osmolarity of distal tubule fluid?

Blood entering and leaving vasa recta?

A
  • both PT/cortex interstitium: 300 mOsm
    • ​(because water and solutes both move here)
  • ​inner medulla: 1200 mOsm (600 urea, 600 NaCl)
    • ​desc. limb concentrates
  • distal tubule: 100 mOsm (b/c TAL is dilutor)
  • vasa recta: 300 mOsm
47
Q

What is the urine osmolarity at max and min concentrations?

And per day urine volume at max/min concentration?

And how low can the inner medullary interstitial get in the diluting kidney? Why?

A
  • Urine: 1200 mOsm max, 30 mOsm min
    • Volume: 0.5 L/day min, 20 L/day max
  • Medulla: as low as 600 mOsm
    • b/c no ADH means no UT1 transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct to allow urea out to the interstitium
48
Q

At what bladder volumes do micturition reflex signals start to be sent to the brain?

And when is “fullness” sensed?

A

150 ml first signals

400-500 ml fullness

49
Q
A
50
Q

What are the normal levels for acid/base parameters?

A
  • pH - 7.35-7.45
  • Paco2: 38-42 mmHg
  • st./act. HCO3-: 23-25 mM
  • buffer base: 44-49 mEq/l
  • base excess: +/- 2 mEq/l
51
Q

What is the frequency of slow waves in the stomach?

Duodenum?

A

stomach 3/min

duodenum 12/min

52
Q

How much saliva is secreted per day?

A

800-1500 ml (90% while eating)

53
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A
  • high K and HCO3
  • low Na/Cl
  • due to ion exchange in the ducts
54
Q

how much gastric juice is secreted per day?

A

1000-1500 ml/day

55
Q

what is gastric peak acid output in males?

females?

A

male 25 mmol/h

female 16 mmol/h

56
Q

How much bile acid is made by the liver per day?

How much is the entire bodily pool of bile acid?

And how much is used per day in digestion?

A

0.6 g/day made

5-6 g bodily pool

20 g/day used (recirculation!)

57
Q
A

Y Physiology II (16 decks)

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