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Y Physiology II > Week 1 Immunology Intro > Flashcards

Week 1 Immunology Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are neutrophils

A

65%

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2
Q

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are eosinophils

A

2-4%

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3
Q

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are basophils

A

1%

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4
Q

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are lymphocytes (B and T cells)

A

25-30%

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5
Q

Percentage of WBC’s in blood that are monocytes

A

4-8%

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps of leukocyte migration?

A
  1. Rolling, 2. Tight Binding (Adhesion), 3. Diapedesis (Transendothelial Migration), 4. Migration
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7
Q

What is the rolling step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

A

Selectins

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8
Q

What is the tight binding step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

A

Integrins

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9
Q

What is the diapedesis step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

A

Integrins

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10
Q

What is the migration step of leukocyte migration mediated by?

A

Chemokines (CC, CXC), also chemoattractants

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11
Q

What does PAMP stand for? What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern; they are how microbes are recognized by phagocytes. They are different than the markers on the body’s own cells

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12
Q

What type of PAMPs do gram-negative bacteria have?

A

LPS (liposaccharide) for gram-negative bacteria

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13
Q

What type of PAMPs do fungi have?

A

beta glucans

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14
Q

What are some type of PAMPs that viruses might have?

A

double-stranded RNA, special DNA

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15
Q

What does PRR stand for? What are PRRs?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptor; they are the receptors that phagocytes detect PAMPs with

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16
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes: granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells. + Natural killer cells

17
Q

What are the humoral components of the innate immune system?

A

Complement system, cytokines, antimicrobial peptides

18
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Forming a coat of antibodies onto pathogens/foreign particles so that a phagocyte can eat it

19
Q

Extracellular toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize what?

A

Bacterial components

20
Q

Intracellular toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize what?

A

Viral components

21
Q

What are the effects of recognition by toll-like receptors?

A

Cytokine production, upregulation of adhesion molecules on the cell surface

22
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, stem cell factor, etc. that modulate cell differentiation and function

23
Q

What type of granules are in eosinophils? What type of pathogen are eosinophils good for?

A

Granules = MBP (Major Basic Protein). Good for parasitic worms

24
Q

What do basophils/Mast cells do?

A

Synthesize lipid mediators, produce cytokines, degranulate heparin/histamine

25
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen-presentation, thus they are part of the innate immune system but present antigens to the adaptive immune system

26
Q

What is necessary for the initiation of phagocytosis?

A

Attachment of the microbe to PRR

27
Q

What complement component performs opsonization even better than antibodies, and if there are antibodies too then it performs maximal opsonization?

A

C3b

28
Q

What is degranulation?

A

Release of intracellular granule contents (which for example may be used to kill microbes in phagocytosis)

29
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)?

A

Mutation in genes encoding subunits of NADPH-oxidase, resulting in decreased production of reactive oxygen species. Leads to recurrent bacterial/fungal infections

30
Q

What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD1)?

A

Decrease or absent expression of beta2 integrins, resulting in defective leukocyte adhesion/migration. Leads to current bacterial/fungal infections

31
Q

What initiates the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

Antigen-antibody complex (binding to pathogen surface)

32
Q

What initiates the lectin pathway of the complement system?

A

Lectin binds to pathogen surfaces

33
Q

What initiates the alternative pathway of the complement system?

A

Simply the pathogen surfaces (??)

34
Q

What is the function of C3a and C5a?

A

mediation of inflammation, phagocyte recruitment

Y Physiology II (16 decks)

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