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Healthy Aging Midterm 1 > Week 3 - Cognitive Healthy Aging > Flashcards

Week 3 - Cognitive Healthy Aging Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognition?

A

set of all mental abilities adn preocesses related to knowledge, attention, memory and working memeory, judgement adn evaluation, reasoning, problem solving, decision making, comprehension, and production of language

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2
Q

what is cognitive health?

A

a brain that can perform all the mental processes that are collectively known as cognition, including the ability to learn new things, intuition, judgement, language, and rememebering

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3
Q

cognitive non-linear changes occuring during aging (6)

A
  • memory
  • attention
  • language
  • intelligence
  • brain changes
  • everyday functioning in familiar environments
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4
Q

What is brain reserve?

A
  • “passive” form of capacity that is thought to depend on the structural properties of the brain
  • the braisn physical or structural components (size, # of neurons and connections)
  • less brain reserve = lower threshold for the expression of functional impairments
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4
Q

what is episodic and semantic memeroy and how do they differ?

A
  • episodic = personal experiences
  • semantic = facts and knowledge
    episodic declines with age whereas semantic remains stable
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5
Q

what is cognitive reserve?

A

“active” mechanism for coping with brain pathology
- brains ability to cope with damage or changes such as aging or neurological disease by utilizing pre-existing cognitive processes and neural networks more efficiently
- helps maintain cognitive function despite brain pathology

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5
Q

as people age, they may experience _____ processing speed and _____ retreiving memeories

A
  • slower
  • difficulty
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6
Q

what is neuroplasticity?

A

engaging in mentally stimulating activities can help maintain long-term memory function

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7
Q

what are the two types of long-term memory?

A
  • episodic memory
  • semantic memory
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8
Q

the _____ plays a crucial role within the neural system for long term memeory

A

hippocampus

(a reduction in hippocampal volume may contribute to age-relted cognitive decline)

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9
Q

what is fluid intellengence?

A
  • tasks that invove quick thinking, info manipulation, activities involving allocation and reallocation of attention - rely on mainly fluid intellenge
  • biology based
  • ex: tests of memeory, spatial relations, abstract & inductive reasoning, free recall, mental calculations
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10
Q

what is crystallized intellengence?

A
  • tasks that tap well-learned skills, language, & retrieval of well-learned material rely more on crystalized intellenge
  • culture/knowledge based
  • ex: verbal meaning, word association, social judgement, number skills
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11
Q

_____ intellegence develops quickly in early ages but then slowly start to decline

A

fluid

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12
Q

______ intellegence develops slower but also suffers froma. less decline later on

A

crystalized

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13
Q

factors affecting cognitive needs (13)

A
  • blood pressure greater than 140/90 mmHg
  • genetic predisposition to Alzheimer’s disease
  • elevated cholesterol levels
  • inflammation
  • myocardial infraction
  • diabetes
  • stroke
  • depression
  • alcho consumption
  • poor quality of sleep
  • low physical activity
  • social isolation
  • social determinants of health such as eductaion and income
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14
Q

dementia

A
  • umbrella term for group of symptoms affecting memeory, thinking and social abilities severly enought o interfere with your daily life
  • results in cognitive and psychological changes
  • caused by damage to or oss of nerve cells and their conections in the brain
15
Q

comorbdities of dementia: can increase risk of dementia

A
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
    -cardiovascular health disease
16
Q

comorbdities of dementia: assocated with dementia

A
  • stroke
  • parkinsons
  • epilepsy
  • depression
  • serious mental illness
17
Q

comorbdities of dementia: physical health

A
  • asthma
  • COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
18
Q

8 As of dementia

A
  • anosognosia (ignorance of the presence of disease)
  • agnosia (inability to recognize objects by using the senses)
  • aphasia (loss of ability to speak or understand spoekn, written or sign language)
  • apraxia (inability to perform purposeful movements)
  • altered percepton (misinterpretation of information from senses)
  • amnesia (memory loss)
  • apathy (lack of interest; inability to begin activities)
  • attention deficits (can’t sustain/shift attention; easily distracted)
18
Q

causes of dementia

A
  • caused by neurodegeneration (damage and death of brain neurons)
  • extreme shrinkage of cerebral cortex
  • severly enlarged ventricles
  • extreme shrinkage of hippocampus
19
Q

3 risk factors for dementia that cannot be changed

A
  • age
  • sex
  • genetics
20
Q

risk factors for dementia that can be changed

A
  • earlu life (<45yrs): learn more
  • midlife (45-65yrs): fix hypertensions, less alcohol, dont be obeise, have good hearing, don’t have a traumatic brain injury
  • later life (>65yrs): dont smoke, dont be depressed, dont social isolate yourself, be physically active, avoid air pollution, dont be diabetic
21
Q

alzheimers’s vs dementia

A

alzheimers = brain disease (ccounts for 60-80% of dementia cases)
dementia = general term for symptoms

22
Q

signs and symptoms alzheimer’s: severe

A
  • need around the clock ssistance with daily personal care
  • low awareness of recent experiences as wellas of their surroundings
  • experience changes in physical abiities, including walking, sitting and eventually swallowing
  • have difficulty with or no communication
  • become vulnerable to infections, especially pneumonia
22
Q

what is alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • most common cause of a progressive dementia in older adults
  • occurs when proteins (plaques) and fibers (tangles) build up in the brain
  • brain shrinks
22
Q

__% of dementia cases worldwide could be preventable

A

40

22
Q

diagnosis alzheimers

A
  • medical history
  • physical exam
  • neuro exam
  • mental cognitive status exam
  • mini mental state exam
  • brain imaging
22
Q

signs and symptoms alzheimer’s: moderate

A
  • forgetful of events in personal histroy
  • feeling moody, withdrawn
  • unable to recall info about themselves
  • experiencing confusion about thwere they are, date, etc.
  • need help choosing proper clothing
  • trouble controlling bladder/bowels
  • changes in sleep patterns
  • increased tendency to wander, get lost
  • personality and behavioral changes including suspiciousness, delusions, compulsions, repetitive behaviours for example tissue shredding
22
Q

signs and symptoms alzheimer’s: early

A
  • beginning of memeory loss that disrupts daily life
  • coming up with the right word or name
  • remembering names when introduced to new people
  • having difficulty performing tasks in social or work settings
  • forgetting material that was just read
  • mispacing things and losing ability to retrace steps
  • changes in mood and personality
  • experiencing increased trouble with planning and organizing

Healthy Aging Midterm 1 (5 decks)

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