week 3: carbohydrates

Question 1

examples of monosaccharides (3)

Answer 1

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Question 2

examples of disaccharides (3)

Answer 2

• sucrose
• maltose
• lactose

Question 3

polysaccharides are composed of _____, primarily _____

Answer 3

polysaccharides are composed of many monosaccharid units, primarily glucose

Question 4

complex carbs

Answer 4

polysaccharides

Question 5

major types of polysaccharides (3)

Answer 5

• starch
• glycogen
• dietary fiber

Question 6

dietary fiber

Answer 6

non-digestible carbohydrate part of plants

Question 7

functional fiber

Answer 7

fiber added to foods or in supplements

Question 8

total fiber

Answer 8

dietary + functional fiber

Question 9

insoluble fiber

Answer 9

• forms structural parts of plants

- doesn’t dissolve in water

Question 10

soluble fiber

Answer 10

• dissolves and forms gel in water

- fermented easily by bacteria

Question 11

health benefits of insoluble fiber

Answer 11

• increased fecal bulk

- decreased fecal transit time

Question 12

insoluble fiber food sources

Answer 12

• bran of whole grains, vegetables and seeds

Question 13

health benefits of soluble fiber

Answer 13

• delays gastric emptying
• slows nutrient absorption
• helps control blood glucose
• lowers blood cholesterol level
• provides energy to colon

Question 14

soluble fiber food sources

Answer 14

• oat bran
• oat products
• fruits
• veg
• beans

Question 15

salivary amylase

Answer 15

an enzyme in saliva used to break down amylose

Question 16

amylase breaks amylose to ____

Answer 16

• glucose
• maltose
• oligosaccharides

Question 17

pancreas excretes _____ into the small intestine

Answer 17

pancreas excretes pancreatic amylase into the small intestine

Question 18

disaccharidases are located _____

Answer 18

disaccharidases are located on wall of the small intestine

Question 19

carbohydrate absorption only occurs in the ____ by ____ diffusion via ____ transport

Answer 19

carbohydrate absorption only occurs in the small intestine by passive diffusion via active transport

Question 20

steps to carbohydrate absorption (5)

Answer 20

1. monosaccharides from small intestine delivered to liver
2. galactose and fructose converted to glucose
3. glucose to cells for energy needs
4. extra glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscle for later use
5. if glycogen stores are full, glucose is stored as fat

Question 21

primary function of carbohydrates (2)

Answer 21

1. provide essential energy [release 4 kcal/gram]

2. function as an essential nutrient [protein catabolism increases via breakdown of protein from muscle tissue]

Question 22

hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia

Answer 22

• high glucose blood stream
  //
• low glucose blood stream

Question 23

hormones that regulate blood glucose (3)

Answer 23

• insulin
• glucagon [causes glycogenolysis]
• epinephrine

Question 24

ways to maintain blood glucose (4)

Answer 24

• fasting
• meal
• early starvation
• prolonged starvation

Question 25

diabetes mellitus

Answer 25

- inability to regulate blood glucose levels - poor control of blood glucose can lead to abnormally high/ low glucose levels - type 1, 2 or gestational

Question 26

type 1 diabetes

Answer 26

- abrupt onset in childhood - pancreas does not secrete insulin - hyperglycemia after eating carb - glucose uptake is not increased - blood glucose increases - fat used for energy - severe ketosis

Question 27

treatment of type 1 diabetes

Answer 27

- insulin | - high fiber carbs

Question 28

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

Answer 28

- weight loss - excessive hunger - frequent urination - thirst - fatigue - dizziness

Question 29

type 2 diabetes

Answer 29

- onset in adulthood - pancreas secretes insulin but cells are resistant - hyperglycemia - diagnosed secondary to obesity

Question 30

symptoms of type 2 diabetes

Answer 30

- frequent infections - vision impairment - impaired wound healing - dry skin - numbness in hands/ feet

Question 31

treatment of type 2 diabetes

Answer 31

- achieve acceptable body weight - exercise - consistent meal times - fiber rich carbs - medication

Question 32

treatment to hypoglycemia

Answer 32

- small frequent meals - decrease intake of simple carbs - increase intake of fiber rich carbs - mixed meals

Question 33

DGA recommends sugar is __% of kcal/day

Answer 33

<10%

Question 34

direct health effects of added sugars

Answer 34

- blood lipids - diabetes and obesity - dental decay - hyperactivity

Question 35

kcal provided by sugar alcohols

Answer 35

2-3 kcal/g

Question 36

amount of carbs needed for brain function

Answer 36

130g/day minimum

Question 37

% of daily energy needs from carbs

Answer 37

45-65%