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NTR 108 > week 3: carbohydrates > Flashcards

week 3: carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

examples of monosaccharides (3)

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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2
Q

examples of disaccharides (3)

A
  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
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3
Q

polysaccharides are composed of _____, primarily _____

A

polysaccharides are composed of many monosaccharid units, primarily glucose

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4
Q

complex carbs

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

major types of polysaccharides (3)

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • dietary fiber
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6
Q

dietary fiber

A

non-digestible carbohydrate part of plants

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7
Q

functional fiber

A

fiber added to foods or in supplements

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8
Q

total fiber

A

dietary + functional fiber

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9
Q

insoluble fiber

A
  • forms structural parts of plants

- doesn’t dissolve in water

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10
Q

soluble fiber

A
  • dissolves and forms gel in water

- fermented easily by bacteria

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11
Q

health benefits of insoluble fiber

A
  • increased fecal bulk

- decreased fecal transit time

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12
Q

insoluble fiber food sources

A
  • bran of whole grains, vegetables and seeds
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13
Q

health benefits of soluble fiber

A
  • delays gastric emptying
  • slows nutrient absorption
  • helps control blood glucose
  • lowers blood cholesterol level
  • provides energy to colon
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14
Q

soluble fiber food sources

A
  • oat bran
  • oat products
  • fruits
  • veg
  • beans
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15
Q

salivary amylase

A

an enzyme in saliva used to break down amylose

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16
Q

amylase breaks amylose to ____

A
  • glucose
  • maltose
  • oligosaccharides
17
Q

pancreas excretes _____ into the small intestine

A

pancreas excretes pancreatic amylase into the small intestine

18
Q

disaccharidases are located _____

A

disaccharidases are located on wall of the small intestine

19
Q

carbohydrate absorption only occurs in the ____ by ____ diffusion via ____ transport

A

carbohydrate absorption only occurs in the small intestine by passive diffusion via active transport

20
Q

steps to carbohydrate absorption (5)

A
  1. monosaccharides from small intestine delivered to liver
  2. galactose and fructose converted to glucose
  3. glucose to cells for energy needs
  4. extra glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscle for later use
  5. if glycogen stores are full, glucose is stored as fat
21
Q

primary function of carbohydrates (2)

A
  1. provide essential energy [release 4 kcal/gram]

2. function as an essential nutrient [protein catabolism increases via breakdown of protein from muscle tissue]

22
Q

hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia

A
  • high glucose blood stream
    //
  • low glucose blood stream
23
Q

hormones that regulate blood glucose (3)

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon [causes glycogenolysis]
  • epinephrine
24
Q

ways to maintain blood glucose (4)

A
  • fasting
  • meal
  • early starvation
  • prolonged starvation
25
Q

diabetes mellitus

A
  • inability to regulate blood glucose levels
  • poor control of blood glucose can lead to abnormally high/ low glucose levels
  • type 1, 2 or gestational
26
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • abrupt onset in childhood
  • pancreas does not secrete insulin
  • hyperglycemia after eating carb
  • glucose uptake is not increased
  • blood glucose increases
  • fat used for energy
  • severe ketosis
27
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A
  • insulin

- high fiber carbs

28
Q

symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A
  • weight loss
  • excessive hunger
  • frequent urination
  • thirst
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
29
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • onset in adulthood
  • pancreas secretes insulin but cells are resistant
  • hyperglycemia
  • diagnosed secondary to obesity
30
Q

symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A
  • frequent infections
  • vision impairment
  • impaired wound healing
  • dry skin
  • numbness in hands/ feet
31
Q

treatment of type 2 diabetes

A
  • achieve acceptable body weight
  • exercise
  • consistent meal times
  • fiber rich carbs
  • medication
32
Q

treatment to hypoglycemia

A
  • small frequent meals
  • decrease intake of simple carbs
  • increase intake of fiber rich carbs
  • mixed meals
33
Q

DGA recommends sugar is __% of kcal/day

A

<10%

34
Q

direct health effects of added sugars

A
  • blood lipids
  • diabetes and obesity
  • dental decay
  • hyperactivity
35
Q

kcal provided by sugar alcohols

A

2-3 kcal/g

36
Q

amount of carbs needed for brain function

A

130g/day minimum

37
Q

% of daily energy needs from carbs

A

45-65%

NTR 108 (5 decks)

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