week 3: carbohydrates Flashcards
examples of monosaccharides (3)
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
examples of disaccharides (3)
- sucrose
- maltose
- lactose
polysaccharides are composed of _____, primarily _____
polysaccharides are composed of many monosaccharid units, primarily glucose
complex carbs
polysaccharides
major types of polysaccharides (3)
- starch
- glycogen
- dietary fiber
dietary fiber
non-digestible carbohydrate part of plants
functional fiber
fiber added to foods or in supplements
total fiber
dietary + functional fiber
insoluble fiber
- forms structural parts of plants
- doesn’t dissolve in water
soluble fiber
- dissolves and forms gel in water
- fermented easily by bacteria
health benefits of insoluble fiber
- increased fecal bulk
- decreased fecal transit time
insoluble fiber food sources
- bran of whole grains, vegetables and seeds
health benefits of soluble fiber
- delays gastric emptying
- slows nutrient absorption
- helps control blood glucose
- lowers blood cholesterol level
- provides energy to colon
soluble fiber food sources
- oat bran
- oat products
- fruits
- veg
- beans
salivary amylase
an enzyme in saliva used to break down amylose
amylase breaks amylose to ____
- glucose
- maltose
- oligosaccharides
pancreas excretes _____ into the small intestine
pancreas excretes pancreatic amylase into the small intestine
disaccharidases are located _____
disaccharidases are located on wall of the small intestine
carbohydrate absorption only occurs in the ____ by ____ diffusion via ____ transport
carbohydrate absorption only occurs in the small intestine by passive diffusion via active transport
steps to carbohydrate absorption (5)
- monosaccharides from small intestine delivered to liver
- galactose and fructose converted to glucose
- glucose to cells for energy needs
- extra glucose stored as glycogen in liver and muscle for later use
- if glycogen stores are full, glucose is stored as fat
primary function of carbohydrates (2)
- provide essential energy [release 4 kcal/gram]
2. function as an essential nutrient [protein catabolism increases via breakdown of protein from muscle tissue]
hyperglycemia vs hypoglycemia
- high glucose blood stream
// - low glucose blood stream
hormones that regulate blood glucose (3)
- insulin
- glucagon [causes glycogenolysis]
- epinephrine
ways to maintain blood glucose (4)
- fasting
- meal
- early starvation
- prolonged starvation
diabetes mellitus
- inability to regulate blood glucose levels
- poor control of blood glucose can lead to abnormally high/ low glucose levels
- type 1, 2 or gestational
type 1 diabetes
- abrupt onset in childhood
- pancreas does not secrete insulin
- hyperglycemia after eating carb
- glucose uptake is not increased
- blood glucose increases
- fat used for energy
- severe ketosis
treatment of type 1 diabetes
- insulin
- high fiber carbs
symptoms of type 1 diabetes
- weight loss
- excessive hunger
- frequent urination
- thirst
- fatigue
- dizziness
type 2 diabetes
- onset in adulthood
- pancreas secretes insulin but cells are resistant
- hyperglycemia
- diagnosed secondary to obesity
symptoms of type 2 diabetes
- frequent infections
- vision impairment
- impaired wound healing
- dry skin
- numbness in hands/ feet
treatment of type 2 diabetes
- achieve acceptable body weight
- exercise
- consistent meal times
- fiber rich carbs
- medication
treatment to hypoglycemia
- small frequent meals
- decrease intake of simple carbs
- increase intake of fiber rich carbs
- mixed meals
DGA recommends sugar is __% of kcal/day
<10%
direct health effects of added sugars
- blood lipids
- diabetes and obesity
- dental decay
- hyperactivity
kcal provided by sugar alcohols
2-3 kcal/g
amount of carbs needed for brain function
130g/day minimum
% of daily energy needs from carbs
45-65%
