week 1: Principles of nutrition Flashcards
nutrition
science of food and its influence on the body
nutrients; nonessential vs essential
- component of food indispensable to the body's functioning // -nutrients the body can make vs nutrients the body cannot make and must be obtained through food
medical conditions nutrition plays some role in (3)
- osteoporosis
- osteoarthritis
- some cancers
medical conditions nutrition plays a strong role in (4)
- type 2 diabetes
- heart disease
- stroke
- obesity
medical conditions nutrition is the cause of (4)
- pellagra
- scurvy
- iron-deficiency anemia
- other deficiencies/ toxicities
single vs multifactor nutrition diseases
- onset of signs is usually rapid vs occurring over several years
- replacement of lacking nutrient re-establishes health vs more unmodified and modified factors
macronutrients [define and list (3)]
- provide energy and body needs relatively large amounts
- carbs
- fats/ oils
- proteins
micronutrients [define and list (3)]
- do not provide energy and body needs trace amounts
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
body’s main source of fuel
carbs
provide energy both at rest and energy stores in the body
fats and oils
used to build cells and tissues in the body such as muscle and bone
protein
function of vitamins in the body
- function in chemical reactions involved in the release of energy from carbs, fat and protein
water soluble vitamins (2)
- B and C
- high levels excreted in urine
- not stored well [deficiency before toxicity]
fat soluble vitamins (4)
- A, D, E and K
- stored well [toxicity before deficiency]
- absorbed with fat
- toxic at high levels [A and D]
nutrients (2)
- function in the body in structural, regulatory and metabolic capacities
- do not supply energy
major minerals (4)
- calcium
- sodium
- phosphorous
- potassium
trace minerals (5)
- copper
- iron
- iodide
- zinc
- fluoride
most essential nutrient
water
nutrients that release energy during their consumption (4) [kcal/g?]
- carbs 4 kcal/gram
- protein 4 kcal/gram
- fats 9 kcal/gram
- alcohol 7 kcal/gram
nutrients that do not release energy (3)
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
problems in nutrition used to be about ____ but is now more focused on _____
used to be about nutrient deficiencies but is now more focused on disease
epidemiological studies (2)
- association only, not causation
- observe patterns of disease and associated factors
lab animal studies (3)
- less time to study
- can study something not ethical for human testing
- results can’t be applied to humans but can provide a basis
clinical trials (3)
- test effect of an intervention
- ideal characteristics are randomization and blinding
- can be single or double blind
ideal form of clinical trial
double blind
anyone can be a (nutritionist/ dietitian)
anyone can be a nutritionist
basic principles of food selection for nutritional health (4)
- variety
- balance
- moderation
- adequacy
government suggested serving sizes
- dairy = 1 cup
- protein = 1 oz
- veg = 1 cup
- fruit = 1 cup
- grain = 1 oz
