Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psy602- developmental psychopathology > week 3- assessment and diagnosis > Flashcards

week 3- assessment and diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

what does the decision making process usually begin with?

A

clinical assessments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

what are clinical assessments?

A

A process of differentiating, defining, and measuring the behaviors, cognitions, and emotions that are of concern, as well as the environmental circumstances that may be contributing to these problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does clinical assessment end in the decision making process?

A

it doesn’t – assessment should be considered an ongoing process used throughout diagnosis and treatment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define idiographic case formulation.

A

An approach to case formulation or assessment that emphasizes the detailed representation of the individual child or family as a unique entity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define nomoethic case formulation

A

An approach to case formulation or assessment that emphasizes general principles that apply to all people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define cultural syndromes

A

A pattern of co- occurring, relatively invariant symptoms associated with a particular cultural group, community, or context. These syndromes rarely fit neatly into one Western diagnostic category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

give an example of a cultural syndrome

A

the evil eye (meditteranean or latino communities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what 3 things typically define childhood disorders?

A

the age inappropriateness, severity, and pattern of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 purposes of assessment

A
  1. description and diagnosis
  2. prognosis
  3. treatment planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a clinical description?

A

A summary of unique behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that together make up the features of a given psychological disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 3 components of a clinical description? explain each

A
  1. Assessing and describing the intensity, frequency, and severity of their problem
  2. Describe age at onset and duration of symptoms
  3. Convey different symptoms and their configuration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

after conducting a clinical description, what is the next step?

A

determine whether this description meets the criteria for DIAGNOSIS of one or more psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 2 separate types of diagnosis? explain each

A

Taxonomic diagnosis- formally “matching” symptoms to a system of classification (such as the DSM5)
Problem solving analysis- process of gathering information that is used to understand the nature of an individual’s problem, its possible causes, treatment options, and outcomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is comorbidity?

A

when certain disorders among children and adolescents are likely to co-occur within the same individual, especially disorders that share many common symptoms (ex. the comorbidity of anxiety and depression is high)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a prognosis?

A

The prediction of the course or outcome of a disorder.
(ex. will this disorder get better or worse with age, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what kind of teams are used for children in the decision making process? list some examples of who might be in this team.

A

Multidisciplinary teams – may include a psychologist, psychiatrist, a primary care physician, an educational specialist, a case manager, a speech pathologist, occupational therapist, and a social worker.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what type of approach is used in clinical assessment?

A

Multimethod assessment approach- clinical assessment that emphasizes the importance of obtaining information from different informants, in a variety of settings, using a variety of procedures that include interviews, observations, questionnaires, and tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe how clinical interviews usually go (3 points)

A

-use a flexible, conversational style that helps the child or parent to present the most complete picture possible
-open ended questions for parents, closed end questions for children, then move to open ended as they become comfortable
-observing nonverbal communications of both child and parent (ex. facial expressions, posture, voice, mannerisms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Clinical interviews can provide a _________ amount of information during a _________ period

A

large, brief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can clinical psychologists appeal to children to make them more comfortable? (2 points)

A

-video games, crafts, activities
-child friendly decor and ambiance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a developmental/family history that clinical psychologists gather?

A

Information obtained from the parents about potentially significant historical milestones and events that might have a bearing on the child’s current difficulties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

list the 10 things that are typically gathered in a developmental/family history

A
  1. The child’s birth and related events, such as pregnancy and birth complications or the mother’s use of drugs, alcohol, or cigarettes during pregnancy.
  2. The child’s developmental milestones, such as age at which walking, use of language, bladder and bowel control, and self-help skills started.
  3. The child’s medical history, including injuries, accidents, operations, illnesses, and prescribed medications.
  4. Family characteristics and family history, including the age, occupation, cultural background, and marital status of family members and the medical, educational, and mental health history of parents and siblings.
  5. The child’s interpersonal skills, including relations with adults and other children, and play and social activities.
  6. The child’s life events history, including stressful or traumatic events that the child/family have witnessed or lived through.
  7. The child’s educational history, including schools attended, academic performance, attitudes toward school, relations with teachers and peers, and special services.
  8. The adolescent’s work history and relationships, including relationships with others of the same sex and the opposite sex.
  9. A description of the presenting problem, including a detailed description of the problem and surrounding events, and how parents have attempted to deal with the problem in the past.
  10. The parents’ expectations for assessment and treatment of their child and themselves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the limitations to the typical unstructured interview process child psychologists usually take?

A

their lack of standardization may result in low reliability and selective or biased gathering of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of interviews are used to improve standardization and reduce biases?

A

semi structured interviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is included in a semi structured interview? what is always covered in this interview?

A

-specific questions designed to elicit information in a relatively consistent manner regardless of who is conducting the interview.
-The format of the interview usually ensures that the most important aspects of a particular disorder are covered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what methods of administration makes taking semi structured interviews enjoyable for a child?

A

computer (older children) hand puppets (younger children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a behavioural assessment?

A

The evaluation of the child’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in specific settings through observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is identified using behavioural assessment?

A

target behaviours (primary concerns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what framework is used to organize findings in behavioural assessment?

A

the ABC’s of assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the ABC’s of assessment?

A

A = Antecedents, or the events that immediately precede a behavior
B = Behavior(s) of interest
C = Consequences, or the events that follow a behavior

30
Q

what is an approach used in relation to the ABC’s of behavioural assessment?

A

functional analysis of behavior

31
Q

describe a functional analysis of behaviour

A

an effort to identify as many factors as possible that could be contributing to a child’s problem behavior, thoughts, and feelings and to develop hypotheses about which ones are the most important and/or the most easily changed.
-basically the ABC’s but identifying alot of each

31
Q

how can hypotheses be confirmed or rejected during a functional behavioural analysis?

A

by changing the antecedents and/or consequences to see whether the behavior changes

31
Q

what does it mean that “Parents or other observers typically record baseline data”? why do they do that

A

they collect info prior to the intervention
-if the child is too young or not skilled enough to report on their own

32
Q

list some other methods of behaviour analysis that includes in person and electronic (2)

A

-Portable electronic devices (e.g., behavior-tracking apps on cellular phones) that cue the parent or older child to record and rate the intensity of specific symptoms or behaviors “in the moment” at various times during the day
- role-play simulation in the clinic to see how the child and family might behave in daily situations encountered at home or school or in a problem-solving situation, such as figuring out how to play a game together

33
Q

what type of roleplay does one use with physically abused children from their parents

A

we choose activities most likely to elicit both parent–child cooperation and conflict (parents ask child to put away toys)

34
Q

what is a psychological test

A

A task or set of tasks given under standard conditions with the purpose of assessing some aspect of the subject’s knowledge, skill, personality, or condition.

35
Q

what is the biggest advantage of psychological testing?

A

standardization

36
Q

what is psychological testing’s biggest disadvantage?

A

because they may have been “normed” on narrow and limited samples, may not be appropriate to use with individuals from racial, ethnic, or cultural groups other than those with whom the tests were normed.
-they are CULTURALLY BIASED

37
Q

list some examples of psychological tests (5)

A
  1. developmental scales
  2. intelligence and educational tests,
  3. projective tests,
  4. personality tests,
  5. neuropsychological tests
38
Q

what are developmental tests?

A

Tests used to assess infants and young children that are generally carried out for the purposes of screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of early development

39
Q

what are projective tests?

A

A form of assessment that presents the child with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures of people. The hypothesis is that the child will “project” his or her own personality onto the ambiguous stimuli of other people and things. Without being aware, the child discloses his or her unconscious thoughts and feelings to the clinician.

40
Q

what are neuropsychological tests?

A

A form of assessment that attempts to link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior known to depend on an intact central nervous system.

41
Q

what 4 things do neuropsychological tests consist of

A
  1. verbal and nonverbal cognitive functions such as language, abstract reasoning, and problem solving;
  2. perceptual functions including visual, auditory, and tactile-kinesthetic;
  3. motor functions relating to strength, speed of performance, coordination, and dexterity; and
  4. emotional/executive control functions such as attention, concentration, frustration tolerance, and emotional functioning.
42
Q

what is a categorical classification system? give an example

A

The diagnostic systems that are primarily based on informed professional consensus, which is an approach that has dominated and continues to dominate the field of child (and adult) psychopathology
ex. DSM 5

43
Q

what does a classical (or pure) categorical approach assume?

A

every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause, such as an infection or a malfunction of the nervous system, and that each disorder is fundamentally different from other disorders.
therefore, individuals are in distinct categories

44
Q

what does a dimensional classification approach assume?

A

that there are a number of independent dimensions or traits of behavior possessed by all children to varying degrees.

45
Q

describe a case scenario involving a depressed child for both a dimensional and categorical classification approach

A

Classical- a child meets the criteria for MDD in the DSM5
Dimensional- a child is significantly above average on the dimensions of depression

46
Q

what does classification vs. diagnosis mean?

A

classification- a system for representing the major categories of child psychopathology and the relations among them
diagnosis- o the assignment of cases to categories of the classification system.

47
Q

what does the DSM use to define more alike subgroupings of individuals with the disorder who share particular features

A

specifiers

48
Q

what are the 4 common types of specifier?

A
  1. Subtypes of the disorder
    ex. “Predominantly inattentive presentation” for a child with ADHD
  2. Co occuring conditions
    ex. “language impairment” or “intellectual impairment” for a child with ASD
  3. Course of the disorder
    ex. “onset prior to age 10 years” for a child with conduct disorder
  4. Severity
    ex. “mild,” “moderate,” “severe,” or “profound” for a child with intellectual developmental disorder
49
Q

what are some limitations of the DSM 5? (4)

A
  1. failing to capture the complexity of child psychopathology,
  2. for giving less attention to disorders of infancy and childhood than to those of adulthood,
  3. its relative lack of emphasis on situational and contextual factors,
  4. its emphasis on symptoms rather than on underlying etiology
50
Q

what does prevention mean?

A

Activities directed at decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur.

51
Q

what does treatment mean?

A

Corrective actions that will permit successful adaptation by eliminating or reducing the impact of an undesired outcome that has already occurred.

52
Q

what does maintenance mean?

A

Efforts to increase adherence to treatment over time in order to prevent a relapse or recurrence of a problem

53
Q

what does the cultural compatibility hypothesis state?

A

treatment is likely to be more effective when compatible with the cultural patterns of the child and family.

54
Q

what are the 3 typical goals of treatment?

A
  1. Child Functioning- Reduction or elimination of symptoms, reduced degree of impairment in functioning, enhanced social competence, improved academic performance
  2. Family Functioning- Reduction in family dysfunction, improved marital and sibling relationships, reduction in stress, improvement in quality of life, reduction in burden of care, enhanced family support
  3. Societal Importance- Improvement in the child’s participation in school-related activities (increased attendance, reduced truancy, reduction in school dropout rates), decreased involvement in the juvenile justice system, reduced need for special services, reduction in accidental injuries or substance abuse, enhancement of physical and mental health, reductions in mental health care costs
55
Q

list the 5 ethical standards set out by the apa

A

(a)
selecting treatment goals and procedures that are in the best interests of the client;

(b)
making sure that client participation is active and voluntary;

(c)
keeping records that document the effectiveness of treatment in achieving its objectives;

(d)
protecting the confidentiality of the therapeutic relationship; and

(e)
ensuring the qualifications and competencies of the therapist

56
Q

how do psychodynamic treatments work

A

the focus is on helping the child develop an awareness of unconscious factors that may be contributing to their concerns

57
Q

how do behavioural treatments work? (2 points)

A

Behavioral approaches assume that many child behaviors are learned. Therefore, the focus of treatment is on re-educating the child through positive reinforcement, time-out, modeling, and systematic desensitization
-behavioral treatments often focus on changing the child’s environment

58
Q

how do cognitive approaches view child behaviour? how do treatments work?

A

as the result of deficits and/or distortions in the child’s thinking, including perceptual biases, irrational beliefs, and faulty interpretations
-treatments change this deficit in cognition, as cognition changes, so does behaviour

59
Q

how do cognitive behavioural approaches view child behaviour

A

view psychological disturbances as the result of both faulty thought patterns, and faulty learning and environmental experiences. These approaches begin with the basic premise that the way children and parents think about their environment determines how they will react to it

60
Q

how do cognitive behavioural treatments work?

A

to identify maladaptive or unhelpful cognitions and replace them with more adaptive ones, to teach the child to use both cognitive and behavioral coping strategies in specific situations, and to help the child learn to regulate their own behavior.

61
Q

how do client centred approaches view child behaviour

A

the result of social or environmental circumstances that are imposed on the child and interfere with their basic capacity for personal growth and adaptive functioning. The interference causes the child to experience a loss or impairment in self-esteem and emotional well-being, resulting in even further mental health concern

62
Q

how do client centered treatments work

A

-the therapist relates to the child in an empathic way, providing unconditional, nonjudgmental, and genuine acceptance of the child as an individual,
-The therapist respects the child’s capacity to achieve their goals without the therapist’s serving as a major adviser or coach—the therapist respects the child’s self-directing abilities

63
Q

how do family treatments work?

A

Treatment involves a therapist (and sometimes a co-therapist) who interacts with the entire family or a select subset of family members, such as the parents and child or the husband and wife. Therapy typically focuses on the family issues underlying concerning behaviors

64
Q

how do neurobiological treatments work?

A

rely primarily on pharmacological and other biological approaches to treatment.
ex. ssri’s, stimulants, medication basically

65
Q

what does combined treatments mean?

A

the use of two or more interventions, each of which can stand on its own as a treatment strategy

66
Q

what are the 5 core principles of therapeutic change for combined treatment?

A
  1. Feeling Calm: Using muscle relaxation or other calming techniques to reduce tension and emotional arousal.
    2.Increasing Motivation: Using environmental contingencies such as differential attention, praise, or tangible rewards to increase adaptive behaviors.
  2. Repairing Thoughts: Identifying and changing biased or distorted cognitions such as overly pessimistic or self-blaming thoughts in depression.
  3. Solving Behavioral Health Concerns: Building problem-solving skills such as problem identification, goal setting, and generating and selecting solutions.
  4. Trying the Opposite: Engaging in activities that directly counter the problem behavior, such as activity scheduling or breaking activities into smaller, more manageable steps in depression
67
Q

treatment effects tend to be _____ lasting

A

long

68
Q

what type of problems are easier to treat?

A

specific (not non-specific)

69
Q

the more _______ therapy children receive the more symptoms improve

A

outpatient

70
Q

what type of therapy has been shown to be more effective than community based clinic therapy?

A

structured research therapy

psy602- developmental psychopathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions