chapter 9- conduct disorder

Question 1

what 2 things is associated with a higher risk of conduct disorder?

Answer 1

low ses, abuse/neglect

Question 2

how would a legal perspective define conduct problems

Answer 2

riminal acts that result in apprehension and court contact and are referred to as “delinquency.”

Question 3

how would a psychological perspective define conduct disorders?

Answer 3

conduct problems fall along a continuous dimension of externalizing behavior, which includes a mix of impulsive, aggressive, and rule-breaking acts.

Question 4

how would a psychiatric perspective define conduct problems?

Answer 4

conduct problems are viewed as a distinct category of mental disorder based on DSM symptoms. The overall category is called Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders, and includes ODD and CD

Question 5

how would a public health perspective define conduct disorders

Answer 5

cuts across disciplines and blends the legal, psychological, and psychiatric perspectives with public health concepts of prevention and intervention.

Question 6

what is oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 6

A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months and exhibited during interaction with a least one individual who is not a sibling

Question 7

what is conduct disorder?

Answer 7

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested in symptoms of aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious violations of rules

Question 8

what are the two onset types of conduct disorder? explain each

Answer 8

Childhood onset- the child displays at least one symptom of the disorder prior to age 10 years.
Adolescent onset- individuals show no symptom characteristic of conduct disorder prior to age 10 years.

Question 9

what gender is most likely to be diagnosed with childhood onset?

Answer 9

boys

Question 10

what gender is most likely to be diagnosed with adolescent onset?

Answer 10

girls

Question 11

what is the difference between odd and cd?

Answer 11

• Symptoms of ODD typically emerge 2 to 3 years before CD symptoms, at about 6 years of age for ODD versus 9 years for CD
• ODD is an extreme developmental variation and a strong risk factor for later ODD and other problems, but not one that necessarily signals an escalation to more serious conduct problems

Question 12

what is antisocial personality disorder? how does it correlate to cd?

Answer 12

ITS A PRECURSOR FOR ADULTHOOD APD,
APD- a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others, as well as engagement in multiple illegal behaviors.

Question 13

what else can cd predict later in life

Answer 13

psychopathic features

Question 14

what type of interpersonal style do people with cd have?

Answer 14

callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style- characterized by an absence of guilt, lack of empathy, uncaring attitudes, shallow or deficient emotional responses, and related traits of narcissism and impulsivity.

Question 15

what are the 3 dimensions of ODD symptoms?

Answer 15

1. Negative affect
2. Defiance
3. Vindictiveness

Question 16

what deficits do people with conduct problems have? what deficit do they not have?

Answer 16

deficits in cognitive, verbal, langauge, but NOT intelligence

Question 17

what educational difficulties do people with CD have? what might be the cause of this?

Answer 17

academic underachievement in language and reading, which may result from co-occurring ADHD.

Question 18

what are the strongest and most consistent correlates of CD?

Answer 18

General family disturbances, and disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning

Question 19

what social problems do children with cd have?

Answer 19

Children with conduct problems have interpersonal difficulties with peers, including rejection and bullying. Their friendships are often with other antisocial children

Question 20

what self esteem issues correlates with antisocial behaviour

Answer 20

inflated, unstable, and/or tentative view of self.

Question 21

list some health problems for youth with CD

Answer 21

personal injuries, illnesses, sexually transmitted diseases, and substance abuse.

Question 22

what are the 3 highest comorbid disorders with CD

Answer 22

adhd, depression, anxiety

Question 23

which is more prevalent in childhood: odd or cd?

Answer 23

odd

Question 24

which is more common during adolescence: odd or cd?

Answer 24

both equally

Question 25

what does the life course persistent path say?

Answer 25

A developmental pathway to antisocial behavior in which the child engages in antisocial behavior at an early age and continues to do so into adulthood.

Question 25

list 3 antisocial behaviours for each time period: preschool, elementary, adolescence

Answer 25

preschool- difficult temperament, hyperactivity, overt conduct problems aggressiveness/oppositionality
elementary school- withdrawal, poor peer problems, academic problems
adolescence- covert/concealing conduct problems, associating w peers w conduct problems, delinquency (arrest)

Question 26

what is the adolescence limited path?

Answer 26

A developmental pathway to antisocial behavior whereby the child’s antisocial behavior begins around puberty, continues into adolescence, and later desists in young adulthood.

Question 27

list some adult problems that some with cd in childhood experience

Answer 27

criminal behavior, psychiatric problems, social maladjustment, health and employment problems, and poor parenting of their own children

Question 28

what are the 5 steps in the thinking and behaviour of children with aggression in social situations?

Answer 28

1. encoding- Socially aggressive children use fewer cues before making a decision. When defining and resolving an interpersonal situation, they seek less information about the event before acting.
2. interpretation- socially aggressive children attribute hostile intentions to ambiguous social events.
3. response search- socially aggressive children generate fewer and more aggressive responses and have less knowledge about social problem solving.
4. response decision- socially aggressive children are more likely to choose aggressive solutions.
5. enactment- Socially aggressive children use poor verbal communication and strike out physically.

Question 29

what does the coercion theory state?

Answer 29

A developmental theory proposing that coercive parent-child interactions serve as the training ground for the development of antisocial behavior. Specifically, it is proposed that through a four-step escape-conditioning sequence, the child learns how to use increasingly intense forms of noxious behavior to escape and avoid unwanted parental demands.

Question 30

what type of acts are more strongly genetically predicted?

Answer 30

overt forms of antisocial behaviour like aggression, not covert acts, like stealing or lying

Question 31

what type of brain stuff can cause antisocial behaviour

Answer 31

overactive behavioral activation system (BAS) and an underactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS).
-Low levels of cortical arousal and autonomic reactivity and deficits in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex,

Question 32

what are some family issues that could be causes of antisocial behaviour

Answer 32

marital conflict, family isolation, violence in the home, poor disciplinary practices, a lack of parental supervision, and insecure attachments, family instability and stress, parental criminality and antisocial personality, and antisocial family values

Question 33

what are the 3 evidence based treatments for children with conduct problems? explain each

Answer 33

1. Parent management training- teaches parents to change their child’s behavior in the home and in other settings using contingency management techniques. The focus is on improving parent–child interactions and enhancing other parenting skills
2. Problem solving skills training- Identifies the child’s cognitive deficiencies and distortions in social situations and provides instruction, practice, and feedback to teach new ways of handling social situations. The child learns to appraise the situation, change his or her attributions about other children’s motivations, be more sensitive to how other children feel, and generate alternative and more appropriate solutions.
3. Multisystemic therapy- An intensive approach that draws on other techniques such as PMT, PSST, and marital therapy, as well as specialized interventions such as special education, and referral to substance abuse treatment programs or legal services.

Question 34

what are the 9 principles of multisystemic therapy

Answer 34

1. Finding the fit The primary purpose of assessment is to understand the “fit” between the identified problems and their broader systemic context.
2. Positive and strength-focused Therapeutic contacts emphasize the positive and use systemic strengths as levers for change.
3. Increasing responsibility Interventions are designed to promote responsible behavior and decrease irresponsible behavior among family members.
4. Present-focused, action-oriented, and well-defined Interventions are present-focused and action-oriented, targeting specific and well-defined problems.
5. Targeting sequences Interventions target sequences of behavior within and between multiple systems that maintain identified problems.
6. Developmentally appropriate Interventions are developmentally appropriate and fit the developmental needs of the youth.
7. Continuous effort Interventions are designed to require daily or weekly effort by family members.
8. Evaluation and accountability Intervention efficacy is evaluated continuously from multiple perspectives, with providers assuming accountability for overcoming barriers to successful outcomes.
9. Generalization Interventions are designed to promote treatment generalization and long-term maintenance of therapeutic change by empowering caregivers to address family members’ needs across multiple systemic contexts

Question 35

The degree of success or failure in treating antisocial behavior depends on the _______ and _______ of the child’s conduct problem and related risk and protective factors.

Answer 35

type and severity

Question 36

what have recent efforts been doing in treating cd?

Answer 36

early prevention/intervention