Week 3 Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
Explain the role of the clavicle
Collar bone
Flattened acrominal (lateral) end articulate with the scapula
Come shaped sternal (medial) end articulates with the sternum
Curvature helps it ‘give’
Describe Fractures
And the factors
When forces is stronger than the bone can withstand.
Particular bone involved
Persons agar and general health
Classifications of fracture
Simple (Closed) - Skin is not broken Compound (open) -Bone ha broken through skin -Generally surgery is required Incomplete - Only one side of the bone is broken - Hairline or greenstick fracture Complete -Both sides are broken
Explain the perceptual Girdle
Shoulder girdle
Attach the upper limb to axial Skelton
Provide attachment sites for the muscle that move the upper limb
Characteristics of a clavicle fracture are
Common in children and elderly
Mainly due to indirect contact
Most common site is Middle third
4 types of Rotator cuff muscles and function
Subscapularis- Rotates humerus medially
Supraspinatus- Abducts humerus
Infraspinatus- Laterally rotates and adducts humerus
Teres Minor- Laterally rotates and adducts humerus
3 Joints of the upper limb
Sternoclavicular
- Synovial saddle
- Diarthrosis
Acrominoclavicular
- Synovial Plane
- Diarthrosis
Glenohumeral joint
- Synovial ball and socket
- Diarthrosis
3 Characteristics of Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
- Ball-and-socket joint
- Stability is sacrificed for greater freedom of movement
- Reinforcing ligaments: - Coracohumeral ligament, Three glenohumeral ligaments
List 3 characteristics of dislocations
– Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
– Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint immobilization
– Caused by serious falls or playing sports
What is a subluxation ?
– Partial dislocation of a joint
– Common in the spine
In the hand label the amount of bones and there location
- 8 carpal bones in the wrist
- 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
- 14 phalanges in the fingers
3 characteristic of the humerus
- Largest, longest bone of upper limb
- Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
- Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
3 characteristics of the elbow joint
- Synovial joint - Hinge
- Radius and ulna articulate with the humerus
- Flexion and extension only
List the two bones of the forearm and 2 characteristics of each.
• Ulna
– Medial bone in forearm
– Forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus
• Radius
– Lateral bone in forearm
– Head articulates with capitulum of humerus and with radial notch of ulna
List the two rows (4 bones in each) that form the wrist
• Proximal row
– Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
• Distal row
– Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate
How many metacarpal bones are there?
5
3 Characteristic of the phalanges
– Each finger (digit), except the thumb, has three phalanges—distal, middle, and proximal
– Fingers are numbered 1–5, beginning with the thumb (pollex)
– Thumb has no middle phalange
2 Characteristics of a pisiform and scaphoid fracture
- The pisiform is injured in a fall on the outstretched hand with the wrist in extension
- Scaphoid fractures are 60-70% of all carpal fractures
4 Differences separating pectoral v pelvic girdle
- Pectoral does not articulate directly with vertebrae
- Pectoral girdle provides more mobility than strength
- Pelvic girdle provides more strength than mobility
- Pelvic girdle is much more massive than pectoral girdle
3 Characteristics of the pelvic girdle
• Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae)
• Each hip bone consists of three fused bones:
– ilium, ischium, and pubis
• Joined posteriorly by the sacrum forming the sacroiliac joints
The 3 pelvic bones are the…
Illium, Ischium, Pubis
3 Characteristic of the Illium
– Consists of a superior ala and inferior body which forms the acetabulum (the socket for the head of the femur)
– Superior border - iliac crest
– Greater sciatic notch - allows passage of sciatic nerve
2 Characteristics of the Ischium
– Inferior and posterior part of the hip bone
– Most prominent feature is the ischial tuberosity
2 Characteristics of the Pubis
– Inferior and anterior part of the hip bone
– Superior and inferior rami and body
Explain the pelvic brim and the difference between a true and false pelvis.
– A line from the sacral promontory to the upper part of the pubic symphysis
• True Pelvis = Lies below this line
• False pelvis = Lies above this line
3 Differences between male and female pelvis
Female pelvis Adapted for childbearing
Cavity of the true pelvis is broad, shallow
Pubic arch is greater than 90°
Male Pelvis is –Tilted less forward
– Smaller and heart shaped
– Adapted for support of male’s heavier build and stronger muscles
3 Characteristics of the hip (Coxal) Joint
- Ball-and-socket joint
- Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
- Reinforced by several ligaments
What 4 ligaments reinforce the hip joint?
– illiofemoral ligament
– Pubofemoral ligament
– Ischiofemoral ligament
– Ligamentum teres
What is arthroplasty?
• Arthroplasty is surgery to relieve pain and restore range of motion by realigning or reconstructing a joint
What is the function of the lower limb and what 3 segments make it up?
• Carries the weight of the body
– Thigh: femur
– Leg: tibia and fibula
– Foot: 7 tarsal bones in the ankle, 5 metatarsal bones in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges in the toes
4 keys to the femur are
- Largest and strongest bone in the body
- Articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the hip and distally with the tibia and patella
- Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera - attachment sites for the large hip muscles
- Medial and lateral epicondyles - muscle site attachments for the knee muscles
What is the valgus angle?
• The human femur (upper leg bone) forms an angles of less than 90° with the knee
3 keys to the patella are
- Superior surface is the base
- Inferior, narrower surface is the apex
- Increases the leverage of the quadriceps femoris muscle
3 Keys to the tibia are
- The larger medial weight-bearing bone of the leg
- Tibial tuberosity - attachment site for the patellar ligament
- Medial malleolus - medial surface of distal end (medial surface of ankle joint)
3 Key to the fibula are
• The smaller, Non-weight bearing bone of the leg
The head forms the proximal tibiofibular joint
• Lateral malleolus - distal end, articulates with the tibia and the talus at the ankle
3 keys to the knee joint
• Largest, most complex joint of body
• Femoropatellar joint - Plane joint - Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints - Allow flexion, extension
2 Keys of tarsals are
Talus (articulates with tibia and fibula)
Talus transfers most of the weight from the tibia to the calcaneus
2 Keys of the metatarsals are
Five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5)
Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms the “ball of the foot”
2 Keys to phalanges
The 14 bones of the toes Each digit (except the hallux (2)) has three phalanges
