Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SR-326 > Week 3 and 4 - Approaches and Psychological Skills > Flashcards

Week 3 and 4 - Approaches and Psychological Skills Flashcards

1
Q

Approaches in psychology that inform working practices

A
  • cognitive
  • behavioural
  • psycho-dynamic
  • humanistic
  • positive psychology
  • mindfulness acceptance theory (MAT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A
  • info is processed in a unique / subjective way
  • dependent on experiences
  • all info processing subject to bias / misinterpretation
  • thoughts and beliefs have different levels dependent on rehearsal and reinforcement
  • voluntary thoughts, automatic thoughts, schemas/heuristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Heuristics - Cognitive Approach

A
  • developed over time through experiences and reinforcement
  • determine behaviour (dominant under pressure)
  • faulty heuristics drive dysfunctional emotions and behaviours
  • not born with (they develop)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the key indicators of faulty heuristics?

A
  • magnification (over-emphasise the negative)
  • minimisation (minimise the positives)
  • confirmation bias (look for things to prove you right)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the cognitive approach aim to do and what are the strategies used?

A
  • replace faulty heuristics with helpful cognitions/heuristics
  • cognitive imagery, instructional self-talk, cognitive restructure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behavioural approach

A
  • we are the product of our environment
  • classical learning (Pavlov, 1927) strengthen stimulus-response bond
  • operant learning (Skinner, 1950) reinforce correct behaviours, punish incorrect
  • social learning (Bandura, 1986) reinforce correct behaviours through observation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What behavioural strategies are used in sport psychology?

A
  • breathing exercises
  • motivational self-talk
  • motivational imagery
  • positive feedback
  • pre-performance routines
  • observations / vicarious learning
  • goal setting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cognitive - Behavioural Approach

A
  • identify / address faulty heuristics
  • reinforce helpful cognitions
  • CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)
  • REBT (rational emotional behavioural therapy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Psycho-Dynamic Approach

A
  • limited use in sport pscyh
  • aims to reveal inner unresolved trauma residing in unconscious causing maladaptive behaviour
  • use of psychological skills to confront previous trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Humanistic Approach

A
  • holistic, person-centered
  • therapeutic alliance (no judgement between psych - client interaction)
  • client-driven
  • growth through confronting, questioning, learning towards self-actualisation
  • balance between desired and actual self
  • often leads to meaningful change
  • autonomous / long process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Positive Psychology

A
  • thrive not survive (Seligman, 1999)
  • happiness precedes and is a consequence of success
  • well-being, positivity, optimism, optimal experiences, flow/clutch is the aim
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 pillars of positive psychology?

A
  • positive subject experience
  • individuals positive characteristics
  • social context / influence on positive experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Strategies for positive psychology

A
  • self-care of the athlete
  • focus on making positives more positive, rather than addressing the negatives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the traditional cognitive and behavioural strategies?

A
  • goal setting
  • pre-performance routine
  • imagery
  • self-talk
  • cognitive restructuring
  • REBT
  • relaxation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an outcome goal?

A
  • what you want to achieve (e,g, winning)
  • motivates performer
  • focusing on outcome goals in pressure situations leads to poor decision making due to anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are performance goals?

A
  • measurable level of performance that indicates level of achievement
  • slightly controllable but not entirely
17
Q

what is a process goal?

A
  • what you physically have to do to achieve what you want (e.g how you take first shot)
  • totally in your control
  • best type of goal during performance as they allow attentional and emotional control (lowered anxiety) (100% internal)
18
Q

open vs fixed goals

A
  • Swann et al., 2017
  • open goal = do your best (can bring flow)
  • fixed goal = specific goal process
  • don’t use SMART goals (outdated)
19
Q

what types of goals are there?

A
  • outcome goals
  • performance goals
  • process goals
20
Q

what is a pre performance routine (definition)?

A

Moran, 1996
- sequence of task-relevant thoughts and actions which an athlete engages in systematically prior to his or her performance of a specific sport skill

21
Q

Pre-performance routines

A
  • encourages attentional and emotional control
  • encourages automaticity under pressure (Cotterill, 2010)
  • PPR should include cognitive and behavioural strategy
  • need for behavioural but not temporal consistency
  • different from superstitions (PPR theoretically informed and has a purpose)
22
Q

Post-Performance Routines

A
  • Hill et al., 2010
  • forced to reflect on the good as you know you can repeat it (builds confidence)
  • confidence is protected when focusing on why
23
Q

Imagery (definiton)

A
  • Morris et al., 2005
  • creation and recreation of an experience generated from memorial information, involving quasi-affective characteristics, that is under the volitional control of the imager, and which may occur in the absence of the real stimulus antecedents normally associated with the actual experience
24
Q

Effects of Imagery - Meta Analysis

A
  • Simonsmier et al., 2021
  • enhanced sport specific outcomes
  • long-term effect demonstrated in retention tests
  • imagery combined with practice is more effective than practice alone
  • dosage specific effects
25
Q

Types of Imagery - Pavio, 1985

A
  • motivational specific (MS) = specific goals
  • motivational general mastery (MG-M) = general coping
  • motivational general arousal (MG-A) = appropriate arousal state
  • cognitive specific (CS) = specific technique
  • cognitive general (CG) = general strategies
26
Q

Types of Imagery - Holmes and Collins, 2001

A
  • PETTLEP
  • Physical = generate feelings
  • Environment = reals, scripts, videos, photos…
  • Task = nature of skill
  • Timing = real time
  • Learning = image is reinvented / modified
  • Emotions = appropriate/relevant/optimal
  • Perspective = internal (external for planning)
27
Q

What are the theories for imagery?

A
  • Psycho-neuromuscular theory (Jacobsen, 1930)
  • Bio-information theory (Lang, 1979)
28
Q

What is the psycho-neuromuscular theory?

A
  • Jacobsen, 1930
  • imagined events may strengthen muscle memory by producing ‘innervations in the muscles similar to that produced by the actual physical execution of the movement’
29
Q

What is the bio-information theory?

A
  • Lang, 1979
  • mental images comprise both stimulus proposition (content of the image) and stimulus response (physiological/affective reaction)
  • images that contain both are most effective in enhancing performance
30
Q

Effects of Self-Talk - Systematic Review

A
  • Tod et al., 2011
  • positive, instructional and motivational self-talk can have performance benefits
  • negative ST didn’t impede performance
  • type and timing of ST needs to match the athlete and context
31
Q

Antecedents and Consequences of Self-Talk

A
  • Van Raalte et al., 2016
  • Antecedents : personal factors, situational factors
  • Consequences : focus, concentration, SC, effort, technique and emotional
32
Q

Cognitive Restructuring - REBT

A
  • Ellis, 1962 - REBT
  • A = activating event
  • B = irrational beliefs
  • C = consequences
  • REBT aims to change B to rational beliefs
33
Q

Irrational beliefs

A
  • cause dysfunctional emotions and maladaptive behaviours (encourages poor performance under pressure)
  • rigid, extreme, and illogical (inconsistent w reality)
  • a primary belief (demanding = i have to be succesful) and 3 secondary beliefs of awfulizing (=if i failed it would be awful, end of the world), low frustration tolerance (=I couldn’t handle failure) and self-depreciation (=I fail bc I’m a failure)
34
Q

Rational Beliefs

A
  • lead to functional emotions and adaptive behaviours (encourage optimal performance under pressure)
  • flexible, non-extreme and logical (consistent w reality)
  • a primary belief (preferences) and 3 secondary beliefs of anti-awfulizing (=if i failed it would be disappointing but not end of the world), high frustration tolerance (=would be disappointing to fail, but i could handle it), and self-acceptance belief (=failing doesn’t mean I’m a failure)
35
Q

REBT

A
  • irrational vs rational beliefs = dysfunctional vs functional cognitions, emotions and behaviours
  • A = activating event
  • B = belief (irrational/rational)
  • C = consequence
  • D = dispute
  • E = effective new belief / approach
36
Q

What are the types of relaxation?

A
  • progressive muscular relaxation
  • autogenesis
  • meditation
  • biofeedback
37
Q

What is mindfulness acceptance theory (MAT)?

A
  • acceptance of the internal state rather than alter them
  • optimal performance doesn’t require volitional of internal states
  • MAT promotes ; moment-to-moment focus and non-judegement /acceptance of one’s state; task focused attentional processes; values-driven personal commitment to behaviours that will service ones athletic values and desires

SR-326 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions