WEEK 3 Flashcards
identify the 3 stages of oxidative phosphorylation
1) acetyl coA production
2) Krebs cycle in the mitochondria
3) electron transport chain
define the mitochondria
site of aerobic cellular respiration
describe the mitochondria (x4)
- has its own DNA
- outer membrane is permeable to most ions. allowing substances to move through
- inner membrane is impermeable ( not allowing substances to move through)
- the matrix labelled on the mitochondria is where all enzymes of the kerb cycle exist.
what is the main role of the kerb cycle
keep breaking down the original molecule that you have
define the kreb cycle
( x5)
- 8 seperate metabolic reactions taking place turning 1 substrate into another substrate
- breaking the molecule further down
- oxaloacetate combined with acetyl coa creates a citrate
- when you combine acetyl coA and pyruvate you produce NADH and NAD +
- NAD carried hydrogen protons away
what is the process of decarboxylation
carbon and oxygen atoms are removed and released as carbon dioxide
define ACETYL COA
the most important substrate intermediates
- made of fats, carbohydrates and proteins
describe the 7 steps that take place for carbohydrates in acetyl coa
1) polysaccharides break down
2) these polysaccharides break down into monosaccharides eg glucose
3) they will then undergo the process of glycolysis
4) then from glycolysis will form acetyl coa
5) after acetyl is made then it will undergo the citric acid cycle
6) the citric acid cycle produces both co2 and h2o via the electron transport chain
7) then ATP is produced
what is a fat also known as
lipids, fats or triglycerides
describe the 2 processes that occur with fat in acetyl coa
1) the fat is transported into fatty acids through the process of B oxidation
2) then acetyl coa is created
what is the 2 step process of proteins in acetyl coa
1) proteins are broken down into amino acids via the process of oxidative deamination
2) then acetyl coa is produced
what does acetyl coa form (x3)
- cholesterol
- steroids
- bile salts
what are the 2 functions of the kerb cycle
- remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to co enzymes
- the transfer of 2 electrons to co enzymes
what are the 3 poisons of the kerb cycle and describe them
1) 1080 animal baits:
- citric builds up so the cycle starts
- this results in death
2) arsenic:
- reduced ATP
- severe illness and possible death
3) heavy metals:
- ## mercury
where do H+ ions and electrons go
- they move to the electron transport chain ( this is in the mitochondria
- involving the structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane
describe mitochondrial membranes features
- mitochondrial membrane has many folds which is important as it increases surface area which helps with an increase of electron transport chain activity
- contains unique protein structures embedded in the inner membrane
what are the two main parts of the electron transport chain
1) pump the hydrogen ions across the inner membrane to create a source of potential energy
2) then this can be used in the synthesis of ATP
blue block 1 complex: NADH hydrogenase
what is its role?
transfer 2 electrons to NADH dehydrogenase , 4 protons are able to be pumped across the inner membrane
what is the role of complex II Blue block
FADH2 is oxidised and transfers 2 electrons to the co enzyme Q which transports and offloads to complex III
what is the role of complex III blue block
the electrons from either complex I or II cause 2 protons to be pumped across the inner membrane. the 2 electrons are transported by cytochrome C to complex IV
what is the role of the complex IV blue block
the 2 electrons cause 4 protons to be pumped across the inner membrane. oxygen accepts the 2 electrons and combines with 2 protons from the water
what is the role of complex V ( ATP synthase)
3 protons move back through the inner membrane . the energy is transferred to the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
how many ATPS are created from 1 NADH
3 ATP
define ATP synthase
describe the two parts that come with it ( F1 and F0 )
complex protein structure
F0= sticks inside the inner mitochondrial membrane
F1= protrudes out into the matrix > protein machine
how many ATP are needed from 1 FADH
2 ATP
how does the ATP get out of the mitochondrial matrix ( x4)
1) the inner membrane is impermeable
2) ATP and ADP are transported In and out using ‘anti port’
3) adenine nucleotide translocse
4) phosphate transport is a similar anti port system
define gross efficiency
the term used for activities when the body is supported eg sitting on a chair
what is the equation used for gross efficiency
metabolic power output divided by metabolic power output x 100
define economy
the term used for activities when the weight of the person plays a role in the resistance
what is the economy equation
vo2 divided by speed
