WEEK 2 Flashcards
how does energy conversion occur? (x2)
- can receive energy from energy yielding reactions
- give energy to reactions that require energy
what is the energy transfer chemical equation
ATP + H2O > ADP + Pi + 29kj/mol
identify the ADP chemical equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
describe the ATP structure
bonds are split by adding H+ and OH- which is called HYDROLYSIS
what are the 5 ATP properties
1) only 80-100g of ATP is stored in the body
2) 2.4mmol ATP
3) heavy molecule
4) brief supply of energy
5) must be continually resnythesised
describe the sarcomere
- myosin ATPase reaction
- muscle contraction ( sliding filament theory )
describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- active re- uptake of calcium allows relaxation
describe the muscle membrane ( sarcolemma)
requires ATP and maintains membrane excitability
describe enzymes ( x4)
1- affect rate of energy release during chemical reactions
2- ph and temp dramatically effect enzyme activity
3- accelerate forward and reverse rates of chemical reactions
4- increase in temp therefore means there is an increase in enzyme activity
what are the 3 main steps for the enzyme mode of action
1) active site of the enzyme and substrate line up to achieve perfect fit, forming an enzyme substrate complex
2) enzyme catalyses the chemical reaction with the substrate
3) end product ( two glucose molecules) forms releasing the enzyme to act on another substrate
describes co- enzyme( x3)
- some enzymes remain dormant without the activation by co enzymes
- iron, zinc, B vitamins
- they do not contain chemical energy
what happens to ATP kinetics during exercise
- ADP is released from the ATP breakdown
- ADP accumulates during contraction , but can be removed in various metabolic ways
- Makes more ATP available for energy
describe inosine monophosphate (IMP)
a marker of the balance between the rate of ATP resynthesis and ATP utilisation
- occur usually in fast twitch muscles
write down the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) reaction
AMP + H20 > IMP + NH3
write down the two equations for glycolysis
1- glucose
2- glycogen
1) glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi +2NAD > 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H
2) glycogen + 3 ADP + 3 Pi + 2 NAD > glycogen + 2 pyruvate + 3 ATP + 2 NADH + H
what does oxidation mean
loss of 1 electron
what does reduction mean
gain of 1 electron
describe the 3 conditions that allow anaerobic glycolysis to make a vital contribution
1) for all muscles in the initial period of exercise before exercise- stimulated increase in blood flow which increases oxygen supply to muscles
2) provision of energy for mechanical work for type lib fibres
3) important when ATP demand exceeds the max rate of aerobic ATP production
what are the two locations in the body that lactate travels to
1) liver
2) aerobic tissues in the heart
describe LDH isozymes (in the muscle and in the heart muscle)
muscle:
- readily converts pyruvate into lactate
- lactate is transported out of the cell to maintain glycolysis
heart:
- readily converts lactate into pyruvate
- pyruvate then moves into the mitochondria
describe the blood lactate level (x4)
- balance between lactate coming from active muscles and lactate tissues
- lactate releases and removal are balanced
- increase of blood lactate level
- oxidative capacity
define the lactate threshold
when there is an abrupt change of slope
what is the physiological significance of the lactate threshold ( x3)
1- increases glycolysis flux
2- recruitment of more glycolytic fibres
3- epinephrine
