Week 3 Flashcards
Immanuel Kant
focuses on the principle of individual autonomy
what is a will?
The will alone can make moral choices. To will is to decide on action. Moral decisions are possible only if the will is free to act.
what is reason?
Reason is the power of Ideas, it produces concepts of the unconditioned world, these go beyond what we can sense, reason has pure spontaneity which is entirely independent of sense
good will
the supreme principle of moratlity
is good from the willing, not the ends
what is the supreme state of morality?
through good will and duty
when are we happy?
when we do our duty without thinking of the ends and what we might get out of it
what is the first categorical imperative
I can’t act in a way that everybody else wouldn’t be able to act in
I ought never to act except in such a way that I can will that my maxim become a universal law
what is a hypothetical imperative?
we act in a certain way because we want what comes after it
heteronomy
To act on one’s interest or another’s interest in moral decision-making is to act with
- to work at a job
- not autonomy
- based on interests
autonomy
we act on our will
do I know the effects of my actions in categorical or hypothetical?
hypothetical
what is the second categorical imperative?
- everyone is an end
Act in such a way that you always treat humanity whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end
Concepts of Informed consent
- disclosure
- comprehension
- voluntariness
- competent
- consent
what is sense 1 of consent
- autonomous authorization
- complete and adequate information with full intention and no controlling influences
what is sense 2 of consent
- legally and institutionally effective authorization of consent
- obtained through procedures that are specific to institutions
- less than autonomous consent might be considered valid consent
the subject acts with autonomy only if they act with …
- intentionality
- understanding
- without controlling influences
the condition of intentionality
- we need to have a conscious will and intention
- requires planning from our brain into a blueprint
how to be intentional
- the patient wills their consent in accordance with a plan
- my be conscious, reflective, and in correspondence to an action plan
the condition of understanding
they must consent by understanding what is being communicated in an exchange with a professional
what does it mean to understand something?
they understand apprehend 1, the nature of the action
2, the consequences and possible outcomes of performing or not performing the action
what might inhibit understanding?
- you are unable to fully understand something if you are not given all of the information, which means you develop a false belief standard
- this inhibits adequate understanding
the condition of non control
- similar to voluntariness where you have the free power to choose without the intervention of any element of force
conditions of non control
the subject has not been the subject of an influence attempt
- if they have, it did not deprive the subject of willing what they wish to believe or do
what are the three forms of influence
persuasion, coercion, manipulation
what is persuasion
- appeals for a reason, ie, to accept the beliefs, attitudes, or values advocated by the persuader
- tone, manner, and word order might be a part of this, which makes it difficult to distinguish between what is persuasion and what manipulation is
what is manipulation
- catch all category for acts which alter the choices available for a person, or at least their perception of choices, and is successful
what are the three manipulative influences
manipulation of options
manipulation of information
psychological manipulation
what are the problems of exploitation
takes unfair advantage of vulnerable subjects
moves into problems of justice and distribution of benefits and burdens
what is the nature of coercion
- the need to influence is based on a severe threat
- the threat but be credible
- the threat must be irresistible
is coercion able to be through attractive offers or financial gifts
no, only if there is a threat is it coercion
example of a coercive situation
illness or economic necessity
as a result the person cannot act freely and their choice is forced
by eliminating the coercer, they have free will again
