Week 1 Flashcards
what is the definition of ethics?
It changes based on the field, to make sure it’s well suited to the dilemmas, for example moral theory in engineering
what is the definition of ethics from the greek philosophy
focuses on defining the good, and then virtue is defined as that action generally producing the good.
achieving good is true happiness
what is the definition of ethics from a christian point of view
provides moral guidance
a contemplation of god
look for a deep spiritual understanding of what is right and wrong
Immanuel kant
a sense of moral duty
command from highest good will
true happiness come from the way we listen to and fulfill being good
when we aren’t good, we feel inadequate
Frederick nietsche
spartan discipline
existentialist
capacity to endure and inflict pain
feared mediocrity most
we need to model greatness to overcome the annihilation of those lost
postmodern ethics
a movement of infinity
everything must be the same
degrading energy
diversity not simplicity
ethical conduct
a willingness to make a new movement in ones profession or personal life when dealing with an appeal from diversity or difference
post modern ethics for dealing with complexity
to not have the same goals and groups, but to one with a diversity of ideas and thinking in decision making
view the multiple dimensions of ones activity
to gain training in the multiplicity of styles
types of ethics
meta ethics
normative ethics
applied ethics
descriptive ethics
meta ethics
where do the principles come from and what do they mean
universal truths
the meaning of ethical terms
determination of moral facts
higher level
the why and what
normative ethics
practical
good habits, duties, consequences of our behaviors
institutional norms
science, health code of ethics
applied ethics
even more practical
how ethics can be achieved in specific situations
fairness in hiring
how to make sure data isn’t stolen
descriptive ethics
study of diverse beliefs of morality
stats that you see on tv
what proportion of people believe in something compared to others
normative ethics example
whether it is correct to hold such a belief that we should allow restrictions or requirements on personal behavior
applied ethics example
to support the enforcement of a no smoking ban with an institutional code of behavior
liberal individualism
rights based
acceptance of our social right
all about individual rights in the constitution
a strong social norm for these rights
virtue ethics
honesty, integrity
ancient history
strong force in professional disciplines
utilitarianism
achieving the greatest good for the greatest number
cost benefit analysis
freedom to pursue happiness
promote legislation that allows masses to share in the greater good
deontology and distributive justice
supports respect
rejects the idea of greatest good
concerned with the individual
justice as fairness
non normative ethics
care ethics
communitarian ethics - balancing individual with community
post modern
Moral Principles
principles guide as a framework for ethics
biomedical ethics defends four clusters of principles for protecting human subjects
beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for autonomy, justice
benificence
refers to a moral obligation to act for the benefit of other persons.
beneficent conduct is …
ideal rather than obligatory, and we are not required to make great sacrifices for the benefit of others
Beneficence and Utility
balances benefits and drawbacks to produce the best overall result
Utilitarianism
based on utility/beneficence, and benefiting others is based on the aspect of human nature that motivates us
the principle of utility
- to weigh and balance the good and harm which are vital to the subjects protections
- can overpower individual rights, so this way of thinking is limited with other ways of thinking
principles of beneficence
- ought to do or promote good
- truth telling
- confidentiality
- privacy
- fidelity
- technical excellence
rules of positive beneficence
- protect and defend the rights of others
- prevent harm from occurring to others
- remove conditions that will cause harm to others
- help persons with disabilities
- rescue persons in danger
principle of nonmaleficence
causing harm, injury, or setback to the interests of the person affected
rules of nonmaleficence
- do not kill
- do not cause pain or suffering
- do not incapacitate
- do not cause offense
- do not deprive others of the goods of life
the principle of respect for autonomy
- all people have unconditional worth and are able to determine their own moral destiny
- individuals should be able to develop as they choose, as long as it doesn’t interfere with the expression of freedom of others
- discloses information so that individuals can fully understand what they are being put through
rules for respect for autonomy
right to informed consent including
- disclosure
- comprehension
- voluntariness
- competence
- consent
the principle of justice
equitable distribution of burdens and benefits
material principles of justice
- to each person an equal share
- to each person according to need
- to each person according to effort
- to each person according to contribution
- to each person according to merit
- to each person according to free market exchanges
distributive justice
the distribution of all rights and responsibilities in society
when do problems of distributive justice arise?
conditions of scarcity and competition to obtain goods or to avoid burdens
the Nuremberg code
- responded to the atrocities committed by the nazis in human experimentation
- human experimentation was declared impermissible without consent and absolutely impermissible with dying patients
- established the provisions of voluntary consent
declaration of helsinki
- distinction made between therapeutic research and non therapeutic research
- ensures main ethical principles are followed
- family consents for children or others who can’t consent
therapeutic research
to benefit patients
nontherapeutic research
to generate scientific knowledge
Belmont report
- ## expanded guidelines for the main ethical principles
Belmont report principle for autonomy for persons
- acknowledge autonomy
- required to protect those with diminished autonomy
beneficence Belmont principle
risk/benefit risk assessment should be determined
- required to maximize benefits and reduce risks that might occur from the research investigation, both long term and short term
justice Belmont principle
- using vulnerable subjects must be well demonstrated
- fair procedures and outcomes must be determined
- relevant to the subjects on a social and individual level
how does injustice arise
social, racial, sexual, and cultural biases which are institutionalized into society
- these minorities may be continually sought after as research subjects
how are vulnerable populations different to the general population in research?
- might be compromised by dependency or conditions of non control which impair free and autonomous consent
- easier to manipulate
- relevant risks and benefits must be put in documents used on the informed consent process
