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RME > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of determinants, distribution and frequency of disease in human population
* studies infectious diseae and chronic disease, mental health, quality of life, environmental health

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2
Q

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

A
  • describe the DISTRIBUTION of disease
  • identify RISK FACTORS associated with an increased probablity of disease occurrence
  • PREVENTION of disease occurrence by modifying identified risk factors
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3
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

A
  • to characterize the amount and distribution of disease within a population
  • identify health problems and patterns of disease that exist
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4
Q

Analytic Epidemiology

A
  • testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of a disease to a putative cause
  • conducting an epidemiologic study relating exposure of interest to disease of interest
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5
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

Common Person

A

Who is affected?
* age, gender, race, SES, occupation, behaviors

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6
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

Common Place

A

Where are cases occurring?
* geographic location, environmental conditions, and population density

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7
Q

Descriptive Epidemiology

Common Time

A

When are cases occurring?
* seasonality, time of day, temporal trends

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8
Q

Survey Study

A

descriptive research that aims to characterize a population of interest

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9
Q

What are strengths of Survey Studies?

A

collection of in-depth information with relatively low ‘cost’ to the researcher and participant

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10
Q

What are the limitations of Survey Studies?

A

validity of self-reports and causal inference is challenged

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11
Q

What are two examples of Survey Studies?

A
  1. NHANES
  2. BRFSS
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12
Q

Survery Study

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS)

A

ongoing telephone survey of risk factors in American adults
* identify emerging health problems
* establish and track health objectives
* evaluate public health policies and programs

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13
Q

Survey Study

The National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey (NHANES)

A

combines surveys and in-person examinations
* interviews includes: demographic, SES dietary, and health-related questions
* examination consists of: medical, dental, physiological measurements

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14
Q

Ecological studies

A

compares group-level characteristics to group-level outcomes

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15
Q

What are the stengths and limitations of Ecological Studies?

A

Strength:
* cheap and easy to conduct
Limitation:
* analysis of group-level data can produce spurious results and may not be generalizable to individuals

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16
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

occurs when incorrect conclusions about individual-levle relationships are drawn from group-level data
* logical error b/c characteristics of a group do not necessarily apply to each individual in the group

16
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cross Sectional - Purpose

A

to examine the prevalence of the outcome in a specific population at a single point in time

17
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cross Sectional - Study Design

A

observational study where data on both exposure and outcome are collected simultaneously

18
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cross Sectional - Advantages

A
  • relatively inexpensive and quick
  • can estimate prevalence of outcome of interest bc sample is usually taken from population
  • many outcomes and risk factors can be assessed
  • useful for public health planning
19
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cross Sectional - Disadvantages

A
  • not effective in rare disease
  • only a snapshot = issue of temporality
  • evidence of causal relationships are weak
20
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cross Sectional - Measure of Association

A

prevalence ratio

21
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Case Control - Purpose

A

to investigate the relationship between an exposure and an outcome by comparing individuals with the outcome to those without

22
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Case Control - Study Design

A

retrospective, observational study where participants are selected based on their disease status, and past exposure is examined

23
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Case Control - Advantages

A
  • appropriate for the study of rare outcomes
  • able to study multiple risk factors
  • compared to cohort and RCTs, faster and cheaper
24
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Case Control - Disadvantages

A
  • cannot determine absolute risk
  • recall bias
  • can only study one disease at a time
  • temporal ambiguity
  • inefficient if exposure is rare
  • selection of controls could be difficult
25
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Case Control - Measures of Association

A

odd ratio (OR)

26
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cohort - Purpose

A

to investigate the causes of disease by following a group of exposed and unexposed individuals over time

27
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cohort - Study Design

A

prospective or retrospective; participants are grouped based on exposure status and followed to see if the develop the outcome

28
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cohort - Advantages

A
  • can estimate incidence (risk) of disease
  • exposure preceds development of disease
  • multiple outcomes can be studied
  • good for studying rare exposures
  • provides complete description of exposure, including rate of progression
29
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cohort - Disadvantages

A
  • long-term follow-up required
  • expensive
  • generally large sample sizes needed
  • changes of time in criteria and methods
  • inefficient for rare diseases
  • secular trends in tech and behavior
30
Q

Observational Epidemiology

Cohort - Measure of Association

A
  • relative risk (RR)
  • incidence rate ratio
31
Q

Observational Epidemiology - Case Control

Odd Ratio equation

A

OR = (a x d) / (b x c)

32
Q

Observational Epidemiology - Cohort

Relative Risk equation

A

RR = (a / (a+b)) / (c / (c+d))

RME (8 decks)

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