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Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a three step explanation of the research process?

A
  1. Pose a question
  2. Answer the question
  3. Present the answers
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2
Q

“Pose a Question”

A
  • understand the research field
  • indentify research question
  • FINER framework
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3
Q

“Answer the Question”

A
  • formulate hypothesis
  • plan study
  • collect data
  • analyze data
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4
Q

“Present the Answers”

A
  • interpet and discuss the results
  • derive conclusions
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5
Q

FINER Framework

A

used for posing a research question
* Feasible
* Interesting
* Novel
* Ethical
* Relevant

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6
Q

FINER Framework

Feasible

A
  • adequate numbers of subjects
  • adequate technical expertise
  • affordable in time and money
  • manageable in scope
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7
Q

FINER Framework

Interesting

A

should cause intrigue in investigators, peers, and community

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8
Q

FINER Framework

Novel

A

confirms, refutes, or extends previous findings

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9
Q

FINER Framework

Ethical

A

respects rights, dignitiy, and well-being of participants

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10
Q

FINER Framework

Relevant

A
  • to scientific knowledge
  • to clinical and health policy
  • to future research
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11
Q

Independent Variable

A

variables that are manipulated or measured by the researcher

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12
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variables being measured in order to determine the effects of independent variable

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13
Q

Study Subjects

A

in what animals model or population you will study the question

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14
Q

Graduate School

NIH NRSA F31 (National Research Service Award)

A

supports predoctoral students in biomedical research

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15
Q

Graduate School

NSF Fellowship Program

A

offers funding to graduate students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

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16
Q

Postdoc

NIH NRSA F32

A

a grant that provides funding to support promising postdoctoral researchers in biomedical and behavioral sciences

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17
Q

Postdoc

NIH NRSA T32

A

a grant awarded to institutions to fund research training programs for postdoctoral students in various biomedical, behavioral, and clinical research fields

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18
Q

Postdoc

NIH K Awards

A

Provides career development support for early-career researchers transitioning to independent research

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19
Q

Postdoc

NIH K99/R00

A
  • Pathway to Independence Award
  • designed to help postdoctoral researchers transition to independent research positions; It is a two-phase grant
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20
Q

Faculty

NIH R01

A

research project grant

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21
Q

Postdoc

NIH R03

A

small research grant

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22
Q

Postdoc

NIH R21

A

exploratory/developmental research grant

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23
Q

What are NIH review criteria?

A
  • significance
  • innovation
  • investigator (s)
  • approach
  • environment
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24
Q

Define Cause-Effect Relationship

A

a relationship in which one event (cause) makes another event happen (effect)

25
Define Cause
an event, condition, or characteristic that precedes a health outcome
26
What are the main categories of establishing a cause-effect relationship?
* Correlation * Temporality * Alternative Explanation
27
# Cause-Effect Criteria Correlation
is there a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable?
28
# Cause-Effect Criteria Temporality
does the cause precede the effect?
29
# Cause-Effect Criteria Alternative Explanation/Mechanism
can the observed associations be explained by alternative (non-causal) mechanisms, or extraneous variables?
30
Which of Hill's criteria fall under "Correlation"?
* strength * consistency * specificity * biological gradient
31
# Hill's Criteria strength
magnitude of the effect and statistical significance
32
# Hill's Criteria consistency
similar results repeatedly observed by different persons, places, circumstances and times * integrating results from multiple types of studies
33
# Hill's Criteria specificity
specific conditions (exposures) linked to particular sites and specific outcomes
34
# Hill's Criteria biological gradient
linear relationship between the dose of exposure and risk of diease or severity of outcome
35
Which of Hill's criteria fall under "Alternative Explanation"?
* plausability * coherence * experiment * analogy
36
# Hill's Criteria plausability
is there a plausible biological mechanism?
37
# Hill's Criteria coherence
does it contradict known biological mechanisms or other specific facts?
38
# Hill's Criteria experiment
well designed experiments should be powerful tools to investigate causality
39
# Hill's Criteria analogy
when similar exposure-outcome relationships have already been established, it will be easier to make causal inference
40
Validity
refers to the credibility or believability of the research
41
Reliability
refers to the consistency or repeatability of the results over time or across different observers
42
Internal Validity
the degree to which a study accurately establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, free from confounding factors
43
External Validity
generalizability; the extent to which the results of a study canbe generalized to other populations, settings, or times beyond the specific conditions of the experiment
44
Errors
defined as the difference between the true value of a measurement and the recorded value of a measurement
45
# Errors Random Error
* "noise in the system" * no preferred direction (averages zero) * tends to decrease with larger sample sizes or repeated measurements
46
# Errors Non-random / Bias
* not due to chance alone * has direction and magnitude (averaging does not equal zero) * threat to internal validity
47
Accuracy
How close a measured value is to the true or accepted value
48
Precision
the consistency or repeatability or measurements, regardless of how close they are to true value
49
Confounding
influence of third variables (extraneous variable) in a study which leads to an incorrect estimate of the association between independent and dependent variables
50
What are characteristics of a confounder?
* associated with the exposure * associated with the outcome * not on the causal pathway
51
# Confounding Positive Confounding
makes the association appear stronger that it is
52
# Confounding Negative Confounding
makes association appear weaker than it is
53
# Confounding Qualtitative Confounding
changes the direction of association between exposure and outcome * positive to negative * protective to harmful
54
Mediator
when a variable lies in the causal pathway that link the exposure to the outcome
55
How can confounding be managed?
Design: * randomization * restriction * matching Analysis: * adjustment * stratification
56
Effect Modification
situation where a third variable modifies the effect of exposure on disease outcome
57
How is Effect Modification similar to Confounding?
effect modification is about a third variable involved in the relationship between exposure and outcome
58
How is Effect Modification unlike Confounding?
effect modification is usually not considered bias b/c it often reveals underlying biological mechanisms that impact the effects of the exposure

RME (8 decks)

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