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RME > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a three step explanation of the research process?

A
  1. Pose a question
  2. Answer the question
  3. Present the answers
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2
Q

“Pose a Question”

A
  • understand the research field
  • indentify research question
  • FINER framework
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3
Q

“Answer the Question”

A
  • formulate hypothesis
  • plan study
  • collect data
  • analyze data
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4
Q

“Present the Answers”

A
  • interpet and discuss the results
  • derive conclusions
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5
Q

FINER Framework

A

used for posing a research question
* Feasible
* Interesting
* Novel
* Ethical
* Relevant

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6
Q

FINER Framework

Feasible

A
  • adequate numbers of subjects
  • adequate technical expertise
  • affordable in time and money
  • manageable in scope
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7
Q

FINER Framework

Interesting

A

should cause intrigue in investigators, peers, and community

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8
Q

FINER Framework

Novel

A

confirms, refutes, or extends previous findings

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9
Q

FINER Framework

Ethical

A

respects rights, dignitiy, and well-being of participants

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10
Q

FINER Framework

Relevant

A
  • to scientific knowledge
  • to clinical and health policy
  • to future research
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11
Q

Independent Variable

A

variables that are manipulated or measured by the researcher

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12
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variables being measured in order to determine the effects of independent variable

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13
Q

Study Subjects

A

in what animals model or population you will study the question

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14
Q

Graduate School

NIH NRSA F31 (National Research Service Award)

A

supports predoctoral students in biomedical research

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15
Q

Graduate School

NSF Fellowship Program

A

offers funding to graduate students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics

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16
Q

Postdoc

NIH NRSA F32

A

a grant that provides funding to support promising postdoctoral researchers in biomedical and behavioral sciences

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17
Q

Postdoc

NIH NRSA T32

A

a grant awarded to institutions to fund research training programs for postdoctoral students in various biomedical, behavioral, and clinical research fields

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18
Q

Postdoc

NIH K Awards

A

Provides career development support for early-career researchers transitioning to independent research

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19
Q

Postdoc

NIH K99/R00

A
  • Pathway to Independence Award
  • designed to help postdoctoral researchers transition to independent research positions; It is a two-phase grant
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20
Q

Faculty

NIH R01

A

research project grant

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21
Q

Postdoc

NIH R03

A

small research grant

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22
Q

Postdoc

NIH R21

A

exploratory/developmental research grant

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23
Q

What are NIH review criteria?

A
  • significance
  • innovation
  • investigator (s)
  • approach
  • environment
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24
Q

Define Cause-Effect Relationship

A

a relationship in which one event (cause) makes another event happen (effect)

25
Q

Define Cause

A

an event, condition, or characteristic that precedes a health outcome

26
Q

What are the main categories of establishing a cause-effect relationship?

A
  • Correlation
  • Temporality
  • Alternative Explanation
27
Q

Cause-Effect Criteria

Correlation

A

is there a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable?

28
Q

Cause-Effect Criteria

Temporality

A

does the cause precede the effect?

29
Q

Cause-Effect Criteria

Alternative Explanation/Mechanism

A

can the observed associations be explained by alternative (non-causal) mechanisms, or extraneous variables?

30
Q

Which of Hill’s criteria fall under “Correlation”?

A
  • strength
  • consistency
  • specificity
  • biological gradient
31
Q

Hill’s Criteria

strength

A

magnitude of the effect and statistical significance

32
Q

Hill’s Criteria

consistency

A

similar results repeatedly observed by different persons, places, circumstances and times
* integrating results from multiple types of studies

33
Q

Hill’s Criteria

specificity

A

specific conditions (exposures) linked to particular sites and specific outcomes

34
Q

Hill’s Criteria

biological gradient

A

linear relationship between the dose of exposure and risk of diease or severity of outcome

35
Q

Which of Hill’s criteria fall under “Alternative Explanation”?

A
  • plausability
  • coherence
  • experiment
  • analogy
36
Q

Hill’s Criteria

plausability

A

is there a plausible biological mechanism?

37
Q

Hill’s Criteria

coherence

A

does it contradict known biological mechanisms or other specific facts?

38
Q

Hill’s Criteria

experiment

A

well designed experiments should be powerful tools to investigate causality

39
Q

Hill’s Criteria

analogy

A

when similar exposure-outcome relationships have already been established, it will be easier to make causal inference

40
Q

Validity

A

refers to the credibility or believability of the research

41
Q

Reliability

A

refers to the consistency or repeatability of the results over time or across different observers

42
Q

Internal Validity

A

the degree to which a study accurately establishes a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, free from confounding factors

43
Q

External Validity

A

generalizability; the extent to which the results of a study canbe generalized to other populations, settings, or times beyond the specific conditions of the experiment

44
Q

Errors

A

defined as the difference between the true value of a measurement and the recorded value of a measurement

45
Q

Errors

Random Error

A
  • “noise in the system”
  • no preferred direction (averages zero)
  • tends to decrease with larger sample sizes or repeated measurements
46
Q

Errors

Non-random / Bias

A
  • not due to chance alone
  • has direction and magnitude (averaging does not equal zero)
  • threat to internal validity
47
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measured value is to the true or accepted value

48
Q

Precision

A

the consistency or repeatability or measurements, regardless of how close they are to true value

49
Q

Confounding

A

influence of third variables (extraneous variable) in a study which leads to an incorrect estimate of the association between independent and dependent variables

50
Q

What are characteristics of a confounder?

A
  • associated with the exposure
  • associated with the outcome
  • not on the causal pathway
51
Q

Confounding

Positive Confounding

A

makes the association appear stronger that it is

52
Q

Confounding

Negative Confounding

A

makes association appear weaker than it is

53
Q

Confounding

Qualtitative Confounding

A

changes the direction of association between exposure and outcome
* positive to negative
* protective to harmful

54
Q

Mediator

A

when a variable lies in the causal pathway that link the exposure to the outcome

55
Q

How can confounding be managed?

A

Design:
* randomization
* restriction
* matching

Analysis:
* adjustment
* stratification

56
Q

Effect Modification

A

situation where a third variable modifies the effect of exposure on disease outcome

57
Q

How is Effect Modification similar to Confounding?

A

effect modification is about a third variable involved in the relationship between exposure and outcome

58
Q

How is Effect Modification unlike Confounding?

A

effect modification is usually not considered bias b/c it often reveals underlying biological mechanisms that impact the effects of the exposure

RME (5 decks)

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