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Dinosaurs > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

the history of the descent or organisms

A

phylogeny

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2
Q

descent with modification: concept that organisms have changed/modified their morphology through each succeeding generation

A

biotic/organic evolution

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3
Q

web of connections in evolution of genetic thread, newer ones potentially having new features that are useful for life and inherited features

A

relationship

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4
Q

Carolus Linnaeus ranking system for organisms in groups decreasing in size (7). any name in the hierarchy representing a group of organisms is called a _____

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus species. Taxon

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5
Q

individuals are generally referred to by _____ and _______ names (ie. Tyrannosaurus rex)

A

generic(genus), specific (species)

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6
Q

Linneaus hierarchy reflects a degree of _________, therefore all members of a taxon are ____ closely related to eachothrt than anything else (ie. humans and mammals)

A

relatednesss, more

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7
Q

two anatomical structures are called _______ when they can theoretically be traced back to a single original structure in a common ancestor (ie. digits of forelimbs in mammals and dinosaurs)

A

homologous

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8
Q

non homologous but have the same function, cant be traced back to a single structure on common ancestor (ie. bird and fly wings)

A

analagous

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9
Q

t.f - wingdness in bird, mammal and pterosaur are homologous, but their limbs are analogous

A

f - windedness is analogous because no common ancestor , but limb is homologous

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10
Q

method for understanding who is related to who and the course if evolution. reconstructed the course of evolution. only specific means of determining relationship. inferring relationships based on unique features.

A

phylogenetic systematics

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11
Q

all features in natural world are organized via a ______, successive ranking of subsets within sets (mammals have fur, coming from animals with back bone, coming from living organisms)

A

hierarchy

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12
Q

prerequisites to establishing the hierarchy of life. observable features of anatomy (ie. unique bones).

A

characters

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13
Q

characters gain meaning _____ as a single feature on an organism but when their distribution among a ______ group is considered (ie. birds having feathers)

A

not, selected

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14
Q

2 ways characters function: _____ - can tell its part of group by distinctive and unique characters. _______ - cant tell its part of group because other may have same character(dog and bear have fur, but are not same)

A

diagnostic, nondiagnostic

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15
Q

branching diagrams showing hierarchies of diagnostic characters. each branching point is marker by a ___, and just before the split, a __ __ is used to list diagnostic characters that everything connected to the node has. all about ___ ___ characters

A

claudiograms, node, hatch mark, shared diagnostic

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16
Q

groups w evolutionary significance because members of each are more closely related by genealogy than to any other creature. all members of that group r implied to share a more recent common ancestor with e/o than any other organism

A

clades/monophyletic groups

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17
Q

specifies the condition of a particular feature of the ancestor (replaces non diagnostic when discussing evolution)

A

primitive

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18
Q

specifies an evolved condition of that character in an ancestors descendent. replaces diagnostic when discussing evolution

A

advanced.

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19
Q

group of invertibrates that include most land dwelling vertebrates

A

tetrapoda

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20
Q

in a claudiogram, _____ characters are indicators for new monophyletic groups because, as newly evolved features, they_____ potentially transferrable from first organism yo all descendants, therefore they characterize the __________ at each node.

A

derived, are, bifurcations

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21
Q

on any claudiogram, we look for characters marking a ________, because these characters are exclusively shared by all members of the group associated with it, proposing these characters are monophyletic (closer related than any other group)

A

node

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22
Q

a claudiogram shows monophyletic groups within _____ ____ monophyletic groups

A

increasingly larger

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23
Q

t/f - phylogenetic trees and claudiograms arent the same

A

f - they are the same, evolutionary trees are old style and different

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24
Q

a claudiogram is ______ a relationship because it is used to reconstruct evolution. that is guessing how close/distant organisms are relate4d and the sequence of appearance of different diagnostic characters

A

hypothesis

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25
Q

sophisticated philosophical conncept first coined by William of Ockham. States the explanation with the least necessary steps is the best. Used to construct many potential evolutionary sequences with claudiograms

A

parsimony

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26
Q

t/f claudiograms arent a scientific tool that test predictions about distributions of characteristics in organisms

A

f - they are scientific because of this

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27
Q

steps for testing a claudiogram: (4)

A
  1. see if characters were observed correctly, does everyone agree they are shared?
  2. see if hierarchy is reconstructed correctly(primitive or derived)
    3.is the claudiogram that has been selected the most parsimonious
    4.insert a new taxon to see if robust (won’t disrupt fundamental distribution of taxa if it is robust)
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28
Q

explicitly involves the process of organic evolution in the membership for a given group. group can be highlighted by looking at 2 member, then define it as all organisms stemming from the most recent ancestor of both. while it doesnt tell what characters to look for, it defines what can and cannot be considered part of that group.

A

phylogenetic definition

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29
Q

t/f - claudiograms can tell us time

A

f - they can only share derived shared characteristics and specific what the ancestral condition may have looked like

30
Q

the oldest clade

A

chrodata

31
Q

this clade has pharyngeal gill slits , notochord, nerve cord. includes pikaia. middle Cambrian. primates include urochortada (ciona)and cephalochortdata (amphioxus) - upper/lower nerve/blood vessel, hormone and enzyme systems, muscle seg

A

chordata

32
Q

this clade has bones organized into elements -
* mouthparts, new hormone systems, cranial nerve diffs, neural crest cells. sister group to those w jaws (gnathostomata). extinct include ostracoderms and conodonts.include Agnatha (lamprey is modern ie, modern lack paired fins/have notochord), cephalaspis (armoured jawless fish). appeared early Cambrian and common in early paleozoic.

A

vertebrata

33
Q

clade of vertebrates w true jaws. include chrondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish - sharks/ chimaeras) have extensive dermal bone, denticles and spines. only osteichthyse (Other clade). (bony vertebrates) make cartilage replaced by bone (endochondral bone). earliest unequivocal fossils are silurian.

A

gnathostomata

34
Q

“bony fishes” with a bony endochronal skeleton. first appear in late silurian. more derived than chrondrichthyes. include actinoptergyii (ray finned fish, fins supported by thin spines of bone - 99% of fish)

A

Osteichthyes

35
Q

clade including lobed-fined fishes w distinctive bony elements first come in pectoral and pelvic fins, transition water to land), \include tiktaalik (łatę devonian) who lived in o2 poor zones who were fishlike and tetrapod like. qikiqtania who have limbs secondary adapted back to water,

A

sarcopterygii

36
Q

(ray finned fish, fins supported by thin spines of bone - 99% of fish)in Osteichthyes clade

A

Actinoptergyii

37
Q

came to be in late Devonian, sarcoptergii, modified paddle like fin making good swimmer, jaws and teeth suck and hold prey. limbs secondarily adapted to land back to water

A

qikiqtania

38
Q

this clade has four limbs that are capable of supporting body weight for moving around on land. include AMNIOTA (synapsids) and diapsids (anapsida - turtles, and leipid)

A

tetrapoda

39
Q

bones surrounding brain

A

cranium

40
Q

wishbone, not visible

A

clavicle

41
Q

bones of pectoral girdle (6)

A

coracoid, scpula, clavicle, ilium, ischium, puibis

42
Q

orientation of the midline or vertebrate skeleton

A

axial

43
Q

orientation of the limbs

A

appendicular

44
Q

caudal vertibre also refers to

A

tail

45
Q

Dorsal veritbre

A

back

46
Q

sacrum vertibre

A

pelvic gridle

47
Q

cervicqal vertibre

A

neck

48
Q

lateral means any part ____ from body (hand is lateral to elbow)

A

far

49
Q

egg with amnion, corn be laid on land without water loss -> land colonization, blocks moisture loss but allows for diffusion of gases. include synapsids (stem mammal) and diapsids (upper/lowertemporal opening - ie. anapsida(turtles and lizards))

A

amniota

50
Q

reptiles are defined on ______, not diagnostic ________ (phylogenetic def)

A

relationships, characters

51
Q

When an animal dies, its body starts the process of decay. As the skeleton is exposed to the elements,
the wind, rain and alternating seasonal temperatures can contribute to their destruction. One way to
prevent this destruction is to rapidly bury the bones in sediment.

A

t

52
Q

You have just received your degree in dinosaur palaeontology. Congratulations! You are now a dinosaur
palaeontologist. You and your students are excited to start collecting a Stegosaurus skeleton that has
been reported to your museum. The very first thing your excavation crew will do is to start digging in the
ground.

A

f

53
Q

During periods of the Mesozoic, many of the dinosaurs lived in regions of high volcanic activity.
Volcanoes are known to produce a lot of molten rock that can sometimes flow for long distances across
the landscape killing anything in its path, and eventually forming igneous rock. Fossils are preserved in
sedimentary rocks.

A

t

54
Q

preparators are professionals whose primary job is to encase an excavated dinosaur bone in a plaster &
burlap jacket for eventual transportation back to the museum. When this is done, their part of the fossil
collecting process is finished and they can relax in the shade away out of the hot sun sipping a refreshing
lemonade.

A

f

55
Q

The only difference between the fossils of different types of dinosaurs is the chronological age at which
they died.

A

f

56
Q

The breakup of the ancient landmass of Pangaea was caused a gradual rise in global temperature.

A

f

57
Q

By the late Cretaceous, the ancient supercontinents of Gondwana and Laurasia had separated.

A

t

58
Q

The ages of the geological time scale are given in “years before present” and are abbreviated as “Ma

A

t

59
Q

Taphonomy is the study of how an organism dies and enters the fossil record. It is a specialized field that
combines stratigraphy and paleontology

A

t

60
Q

The process by which living things can gradually change over time

A

evolution

61
Q

How living things are specialized to suit their environment

A

adaptation

62
Q

_______ is what we see being modified, but evolution is actually happen at
the level of the gene _______ ____and we see it expressed in a
organism’s morphology ______ ____

A

Morphology , (genotypic evolution) , (phenotypic evolution)

63
Q

Non-genetic changes that occur during an organism’s life span, such as increases
in muscle mass due to exercise and diet, _______ be passed on to the next
generation and are not examples of evolution

A

cannot

64
Q

the smallest set (clade) of organisms that share
an ancestor and can be distinguished from other such sets by possessing a
combination of certain defining, or derived, traits.

A

phylogenetic species

65
Q

are examples of convergent evolution,
where two organisms separately evolved similar structural
features (e.g., legs)

A

analogous structures

66
Q

a ____ ____ group (clade) of taxa shares a single common ancestor and
also includes all of the descendants of that common ancestor. ie. dinosaurs and bird

A

monophyletic

67
Q
  • A ________group (not a clade)(blue & yellow) includes a single ancestor
    and some, but not all, of its descendants
  • It is similar to a monophyletic group, but some descendants are excluded.
A

paraphyletic

68
Q

a _____ group (not a clade) is a group that is not defined by a single
common ancestor

A

pbluphyletyic

69
Q

(not a clade) (yellow) consists of a paraphyletic grouping of extinct species that
are positioned basal to a given crown group (in other words, on its “stem”). is
more closely related to its corresponding crown group than to the extant sister clade of the crown group. Because stem groups are always paraphyletic, they should not be referred to as
“clades,” a term generally restricted to monophyletic groups.

A

stem group

70
Q

3 skull types found in amniotes

A

anapsid, synapsid (low temp opening) diapsid (upper and lower temp opening)

71
Q

LETS spinal cord enter brain case and attach to brain in tetrapoda

A

foramen magnum

Dinosaurs (8 decks)

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