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Dinosaurs > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

t/f - most organisms dont get fossilized and only few dinosaurs get preserved

A

t

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2
Q

fossils that involve some hard part of the animal (teeth, bones)

A

body fossils

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3
Q

fossils featuring impressions of animal tracks

A

trace fossils

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4
Q

fossils featuring impressions of animal tracks and hard parts of the animal (mix)

A

skin impressions

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5
Q

until the very latest part of the 20th century, palentologists believed dinosaur ___ ____ (muscles, blood vessels, organs, skin, fat) were ______. however new technology allowed us to find that there _____ preservation of cells and tissues and molecules (tyrannosaurus red blood cells)

A

soft tissues. gone. is

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6
Q

carcasses are commonly disarticulated by predators and scavengers, then the heavy lifting is done by ______ that _______ rotten flesh

A

bacteria, decomposes

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7
Q

t/f - plants growing in acidic soil (_____ acid) can break down dead bodies

A

t, humic

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8
Q

process of minerals in bones breaking down and bones being washed away. can be stopped by a rapid burial

A

weathering

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9
Q

death process for quick burial (upper sequence). fossil is usually complete and together, best preservation

A
  1. death 2. carcass is buried 3. decomposition underground 4. exposure.
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10
Q

process of lower sequence in death. fossil has wear, disarticulated, gnaw marks)

A
  1. death, 2. dismembered on surface 3. remains are carried over or washed in river channel 4. buried, replaced and/or perminiralized bc exposure millions years later
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11
Q

bone is made from ___ ___ ____, a mineral that when buried in the ____ concentrated earth ____ degrade easily leaving ___- fossil

A

calcium-sodium hydroxyapatite, ion, will, no

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12
Q

in good chemical conditions, __ ___ ___ and ____ can make a chemical environment causing the og bone to be _____ by minerals like ____ making a more resistant fossil

A

calcium-sodium hydroyapatite, ion, replaced, fluorapatite

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13
Q

t/f - in very old fossils, it is not rare that the bone sit unreplaced and have 100% original bone mineralogy

A

f - uncommon

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14
Q

t/f - mineral replacement is more common in older fossils (fostoria dinosaur being replaced with opal ie.)

A

t

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15
Q

t/f - mineral replacement of original bone alters the shape and detail of original bone as well, or be a replica exactly. it is chemically/texturally a ___

A

t, rock

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16
Q

because bones are pores, spaces taken up by tissues and nerves fill up with minerals which is called -___

A

perminiralization

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17
Q

rich finds with 100s or 1000s of preserved bones

A

bonebeds

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18
Q

boneheads are ____, meaning they have fossils mostly of one species, making one wonder if they reflect ____ (herding) behaviour

A

monospecific, gregarious

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19
Q
  • most important dino fossil besides bones
  • also known as ichnofossils
  • shown as footprints or complete trackways
  • shown dinosaurs walked erect
    -helps reconstruct speed of them
    -casts and molds are taken
A

trace fossils

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20
Q
  • fossilized poop
  • show intestine view of dino diet
A

Coprolites

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21
Q

fossilized stomach stones

A

Gastroliths

22
Q

_____ rocks have the best potential to preserve fossils

A

sedimentary

23
Q

rocks being searched for dinosaurs must have been deposited between _______ _____ and ____ ____ period

A

late triassic, late cretaceous

24
Q

dinos were ___ meaning they were non marine animals so their bones ____ be found in rocks

A

terrestrial, will

25
Q

_____ have many of the richest fossil localities (lots of rock exposure, sculpted by rivers). _____ also have fossil localities (low plant cover, dry air to reduce weathering)

A

badlands, deserts

26
Q

rock surrounding the bone in a fossil that needs to be prepared (removed) in a prep lab

A

matrix

27
Q

what steps are involved when collecting dinosaur bones?

A

planning (expidition, where to look), prospecting, collection, prep/curation

28
Q

what criteria increase the likelihood of fossils being found?

A

sed rocks, rocks from late tri-late cret, terrestrial deposits, desert/badland areas

29
Q

why the older the fossil the less likely it has the original bone?

A

because they have been buried longer so time has been given for the chemical process of replacement to occur

30
Q

Geological specialty telling the age of a strata and the fossils in them

A

stratigraphy

31
Q

2 ways geologists signify time

A

numerically (mi) and with blocks of time(triassic)

32
Q

___ ___ spontaneously decay from an energy state that is not stable to one more stable (want lower energy) and thus releases energy
- happens over short or long time periods

A

unstable isotopes

33
Q

number that summarizes rate of decay. amount of time it takes for 50% of the atoms of an unstable isotope to decay leaving half as much of the parent

A

half life

34
Q

the ____ of decay is key for getting numerical ____. we need to know 3 things

A

rate, age, amount of parent isotope when rock was made or animal Was fossilized , amount of parent isotope left, rate of decay of parent isotope

35
Q

t/f - all isotopes have the same rate of decay meaning they have the same half lives . it doesnt matter what one you pick

A

f - they are different. you should pick one with a half life that is appropriate for the amount of time interested in

36
Q

14C(carbon 14) is good for dating dinosaurs

A

f - dinos lived hundreds millions of years ago, so this is not a good way to measure at all so there wouldn’t be enough isotope to meaure

37
Q

t/f - though powerful dating tools, unstable isotopes cant directly date dino bone because they arent usually found in fossil. useful ones form as lava cools and crystallizes.

A

t

38
Q

determining which of two sed strata (layers) is older but not providing age in years before present, but age of one strata in relation to other strata

A

relative dating

39
Q

____ ___ only has a half life of 5730 years so its only good to date modern fossils

A

carbon-14

40
Q

____ ____ dating is great for dating dino bones. half life of 1.3billion years. go to for dating rocks dino bones are in

A

potassium argon

41
Q

___ ___ dating helps us find the oldest things, because ___ has lots of isotope half lives between 700 mil-4.5bill

A

uranium lead, uranium

42
Q

younger sediments are deposited atop older sediments.

A

lithostratigraphy

43
Q

usually each layer of rock has a unique suite of fossils. can compare globally and If found elsewhere in world can assume theyre same age

A

biostratigraphy

44
Q

in lithostratigraphy ___ laws are used (4)

A

steno, superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross cutting relationships

45
Q

the steno law of ____ states older rocks are deeper than younger rocks

A

superposition

46
Q

the steno principle of ____ states all layers of sedimentary rock were originally deposited flat, geo processes can deform the rock after deposition but layers keep same relationship to each other. original flat rocks can be twisted and pushed.

A

horizontality

47
Q

the steno principle of ____ states layers of sed rocks extend continuously along earth (rocks will be same on one side of river as the other)

A

lateral continuity

48
Q

the steno principle of ____ states that if you have geo feature like river that cuts down/erodes is the younger of the two features. river cutting rock will deposit sediments eventually making rocks that are younger surrounding it

A

cross cutting relationships

49
Q

___ ___ indicate a particular period of time ( ie. ammonites being found ) because species was short lived. help hint that rocks holding ammonites are the same age. these fossils are found in ______

A

index fossils, biozones

50
Q

________ and ____ dating = GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE

A

numerical, relative

51
Q

t/f - we can get exact dates from dino bones themselves often

A

NO - can only determine age relative to rocks around them

Dinosaurs (8 decks)

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