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Pathophys > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

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2
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A

Made up of epithelial and glands. Cover internal and external areas eg skin, digestive and respiratory tract
Glands produce fluid secretions which are attached or derived from epithelia
Cells are bound together closely
Avascular
Obtain nutrients by diffusion/absorption
Cells are continuously replaced

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3
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialised secretions

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the epitheal cell from bottom to top

A

Basal surface- attached to either more epitheal tissue if in deeper tissue or layers
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Top exposed surface - microvilli which increases surface area of cells by 20xs allows for efficient absorption
Some have cilia - beat in a co-ordinated manner to move substances - resp tract

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5
Q

How are epithelia classified?

A

No of layers- one layer or stratified (multiple layers)
Cell shape - squamous - flat, cuboidal - cube shaped, columbar - collum

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6
Q

What are the two type of glands?

A

Endocrine or exocrine

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7
Q

Describe an endocrine gland

A

Ductless gland. Secrete hormones into cellular spaces, then into the blood
Hormones regulate or co ordinates activities of various tissues, organs and systems
Eg. Pituitary gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland

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8
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A

Secrete products into dust that empty onto the epithelia surface
Eg subucatious gland secretes ceban onto hair and skin

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9
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

It occurs throughout the body, never exposed to an outside environment. Connects epitheal tissue to the rest of the body. Many are highly vascular. They fill internal spaces

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10
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

CT proper - loose CT and Dens CT. Loose CT is adipose
Fluid CT - blood and lymph
Supporting CT - cartilage and bone

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11
Q

What is loose connective tissue

A

Loosely paced tissue made up pf collagen and elastin fibres. Found throughout the body. Fills spaces around organs. Elastic fibres within the tissue make it reilient.
Eg pinching skin and it returning to its original shape

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12
Q

What is adipose connective tissue

A

Loosely packed collagen, elastin and adipose fibres. Has a higher proportion of adipose. It’s function is to provide padding, absorb shock, insulates and stores energy

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13
Q

What is dense connective tissue (fibrous CT)

A

Dense regular - made up of collagen fives which are packed densely and parallel to each other eg tendons, ligaments and aponeroses
Dense irregular - fibres more woven together to form a mesh work. Allows for tissue to be subject to move stresses from different directions eg dermis of the skin

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14
Q

What does blood and lymph do within tissue?

A

Fluid connective tissues that transport cells and dissolve minerals

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15
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Found in the joints, on articular surfaces of bones. Protects the bone from shock. Absorbs shock and reduces friction between boney surfaces. Composed of densely packed collagen fibres to withstand compression

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16
Q

What is bone

A

Provides support, allows movement. An attachment point for skeletal muscles and protects organs. Formed densely packed collagen with mineral deposits primarily calcium

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17
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A

Establishes structural framework for the body- bone loose CT
Transports fluid and materials - blood and lymphatic
Protects delicate organs - loose CT
Stores energy (triglycerides) - adipose
Defence from invading microorganisms- CT proper

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18
Q

What are chondrocytes?

A

Cells that are within cartilage. Produce and maintain the cartilage matrix, secrete a chemical which prevents growth of blood vessels into cartilage

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19
Q

What are protoglycans?

A

A compound made up of protein and sugar. Regulate the movement of molecules throughout the the matrix.

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20
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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21
Q

Describe hyaline cartilage

A

Loosely packed collagen fibres in matrix. Tough but flexible.
Found in most joints covering articular surfaces
Between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage, resp tract.
Most common

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22
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Numerous elastic fibres. Resilient yet flexible
Found in eternal flap (auricle) of the ear
Epiglottis
Auditory tube in the inner ear
Small cartilages in larynx

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23
Q

What is fibrocartilage

A

Densely interwoven collagen fibres
Little ground substance. Durante and tough
Resists compression and absorbs shock
Found in between vertebrae, between pubic bones

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24
Q

What are membranes made of?

A

Epitheal tissue and connective tissue. Consists of epithelium supported by connective tissue

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25
Q

What are the four types of membranes

A

Mucus membrane, serous membrane, cutaneous membrane and synovial membrane

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26
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Lines passageways that are open to exterior including resp, urinary and reproductive tracts
Epithelial surfaces are kept moist to reduce friction and facilitate absorption/secretion
Thin layer of epithelial cells- simple classification

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27
Q

Serous membrane

A

Lines the sealed, internal subdivisions of the bodies cavities
Very thin and transparent
Firmly attached to the body wall and organs that they cover
Minimise friction and secret serous fluid
Pericarditis, plarrisy

28
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Membrane around the joint cavity of a synovial joint
Made up of connective tissue with a thin layer of macrophages and fibroblasts
Atypical epithelium and loose CT
Macrophages and fibroblasts make up the atypical epithealium and regulates the composition of the synovial fluid provides O2 and nutrients to the hyaline cartilage
Movement stimulates formation and circulation of synovial fluid

29
Q

Cutaneous membrane skin

A

Two layers - epidermis (epitheal tissue)
- dermis (connective tissue) looseCT and Dense irregular CT
Has accessory structures: hair follicles, nails

30
Q

Functions of cutaneous membrane

A

Protects against impact, abrasion, fluid loss and chemical attack
Excrete salt, water and organic wastes via glands
Maintain normal body temp through sweat or insulation
Produce melanin to protect from UV rays
Produce keratin which protects against abrasion and repels water
Synthesise Vit D3 - metabolism of calcium
Stores lipids
Detect touch, pressure through vibration and temp - relays info to nervous system
Coordinates immune response to pathogens in skin

31
Q

How many days does it take for a cell to move to the outer most layer of skin?

A

15-30 days

32
Q

How long do cells last for?

A

2 weeks

33
Q

Define a ligament

A

Fibrous bands of connective tissue that span joints to connect articulating bone and function to stabilise and support the joint

34
Q

What is an injury to a ligament called?

A

A sprain

35
Q

Grade 1 strain

A

Localised pain/tenderness. No bruising, min swelling, min loss of function, no loss of strength/ROM.

36
Q

Grade 2 strain

A

Mod swelling, some bruising, poorly localised pain. Impairment and painful ROM. Decrease strength and pain on contraction

37
Q

Grade 3 strain

A

Audible POP and acute pain. Considerable swelling/bleeding. Inability to contact muscle, separation may be visible

38
Q

Who made the strain classification

A

O’Donoghue 1962

39
Q

Grade 1 sprain

A

Localised pain/tenderness. No bruising. Min swelling. Min loss of function. No laxity

40
Q

Grade 2 sprain

A

Mod swelling, some bruising, poorly localised pain. Impairment and painful ROM with deficit. May have some instability

41
Q

Grade 3 sprain

A

Audible POP and acute pain. Considerable swelling and bleeding into joint. Significant laxity/instability. Symptoms may settle quicker than grade 2.

42
Q

Define a strain

A

Muscle/tendon injury, typically caused by over contracting or lengthening a muscle causing tearing of collagen.
Most commonly occurs in the eccentric phase

43
Q

Factors that cause tissue damage

A

Injury, infection, infarction, immune reactions

44
Q

Name the two types of body tissue

A

Parenchyma tissue and stomal tissue

45
Q

Define parenchyma tissue

A

Functioning cells of organs eg neural tissue, epithelial tissue, cardiac myocyte tissue

46
Q

Define stromal tissue

A

Supporting connective tissue. Contains many cell types including fibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves and nerve endings

47
Q

What are the three types of tissue healing?

A

Resolution, tissue regeneration and connective tissue repair

48
Q

Describe resolution

A

Occurs in acute inflammation response to minor injuries or those with minimal affect to parenchyma cells. Tissue is ‘restored’ to its prior state. Most common in epithelial tissue eg mild insect bite

49
Q

Describe tissue regeneration

A

Replacement of lost parenchyma cells by division of adjacent surviving parenchyma cells.
Before it can occur necrotic cells must be removed. Involves inflammatory response.
Depends on the damaged cells releasing growth factors to increase mitogenic activity, no. Of surviving cells, presence of connective tissue framework that provides a base for regeneration

50
Q

What are labile cells

A

Skin cells, constantly turning over

51
Q

Stable cells

A

Liver, kidney and lungs. Stop growing once growth stops. Requires a supportive framework if damage occurs

52
Q

Desactive fixed non-diving cells

A

Nerve, muscle, cardiac cannot undergo mitosis. Tissue repair leaves scar tissue

53
Q

Connective tissue repair

A

4 stages. Lost tissue is replaced by granulation tissue which matures to form scar tissue

54
Q

What are the four stages of connective tissue repair

A

Bleeding, inflammation, proliferation, remodelling

55
Q

Bleeding stage of CT repair

A

Occurs following injury, short lived, vascular tissues will bleed for longer. Ligaments bleed less in volume and duration. Av. Time 4-6 hrs some will bleed significantly longer

56
Q

Inflammatory phase of CT repair

A

Occurs within the first few hours. Peak reaction usually 1-3 days. Resolves in a few weeks. Changes in blood flow. Exudation of protein rich fluids (Oedema). Leukocyte emigration. Phagocytosis. Lymphatic drainage

57
Q

Proliferation of CT repair

A

24-48hrs after injury can take up to a few weeks to resolve. Fibroblasts, macrophages and blood vessels proliferate to form granulation.

58
Q

What are the two fundamentals processes of proliferation?

A

Angiogenesis occurs with development of capillary buds with increased blood supply and collagen synthesis to produce type 3 collagen

59
Q

Describe remodelling of CT repair

A

Begins at three weeks and can last up to 2 years. Continuous remodelling of scar tissue - collagen type 1 synthesis by fibroblasts and simultaneous lysis by collagenase enzymes.
Physical stress is an important influencing factor at this stage

60
Q

What is primary intention?

A

When there is a small abrasion to skin. The edges are joined by fibrin plug which forms a scab which prevents enters of infectious agents
Re growth of Basel layer of epidermis. Lysis of fibrin and re-epithelialisation. Restoration to intact skin.

61
Q

What is secondary intention?

A

When there is a large defect filled by fibrin clot or a foreign material in wound. New blood vessels and fibroblasts grow to form the dermis into fibrin. Collagen laid down by granulation tissue fibroblasts to restore integrity. Maturation of collagen achieves structural integrity and allows re growth.

62
Q

Factors that affect wound healing

A

Nature of healing, site of injury, prolonged inflammation, movement plus minus stress, malnutrition, blood flow and O2 delivery, infection, age

63
Q

What could complicate tissue repair

A

Infection, ulceration, dehiscence, keloid development and adhesions

64
Q

Define ulceration

A

Circumscribed, open, crater like lesions of the skin/ mucous membrane

65
Q

Define dehiscence

A

Deficient scar formation, wound separates

66
Q

What is a keloid

A

Hypertrophic scar tissue, excessive collagen production

Pathophys (6 decks)

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