Week 2 Flashcards
What are the three lines of defence mechanisms
1st line - skin and mucous membrane
2nd line - inflammation. Non-specific, natural, innate immunity, rapid response.
3rd line. Immunity. Specific, acquired immunity, adaptive, slow response.
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
Redness - rubor
Swelling - tumour
Warmth - calor
Pain - dolor
Loss of function - function laesa
Factors which cause inflammation
Injury/trauma - physical/thermal/radiation/eletrical/chemical
Infections- virus/bacteria/richettsiue/fungi/protozoa/worms
Myocardial infarction which leads to ischaemia
Immune reactions- foreign protein hypersensitivity.auto immunity
Nutrient deprivation
What are the 4 mechanisms of inflammation
1 vascular response - changes in blood flow and exudation of rich proteins
2 celular response - leukocyte emigration
3 phagocytosis - clear up
4 lymphatic drainage - excess fluid, protection
Can you describe the Vascular response
1.Transient vasoconstriction
2.More prolonged vasodilation increase in hydrostatic pressure
3.Opening of capillary beds
4.Increase vascular permeability
Bradykinia (amino acid protein) causes capillary endothelium to retract (crenellations)
5.Leaking of plasma
6.Oedema formation
7.Haemoconcentration
Cellular response
1 margination
2 rolling
3 adhesion
4 pavementing
5 chemotaxis
6 pseudopod formation - foot
7 amoedboid action - wriggle through
8 emigration - cell walking
9 chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
The process of ingests of foreign material or particulate matter. Phagocytosis then die themselves
Lymphatic drainage
Assists in drainage of tissue fluid
During inflammation lymphatic vessels open up assisting drainage of excessive fluid, products of inflammation and other antigens not dearth with by the inflammatiary process
Common blood tests for infection
White blood cell count
C-reactive protein
Erythrocytes sedimentation rate
Common types of medications for inflammation
Aspirin
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
- ibuprofen
- diclofenac sodium (voltarol)
- naproxen
Corticosteroids
- prednisolne
Immunosuppressant
- methotrexate
Which bones produce bone marrow?
Long bones - ilium, iliac crest and sternum
What types of bone marrow are there?
Yellow - found in shaft of the long bones
Red - found at the ends of bones, responsible for white and red blood cells and platelets
Where is the Thymus gland?
Pericardial cavity. Makes T-cells become mature T-cells
What do the lymph nodes do?
Holding areas for immune cells
What are the spleen and tonsils responsible for?
Red blood cells recycling - spleen
Holding areas for immunity cells - tonsils
What areas of the body are involved in immunity?
Bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen
What is cell mediated response?
Immature T- cells come from the red bone marrow
Thymus then activate (differentiate) the T cells to mature T cells
CD8 cells and CD4 cells produced
CD4 cells (helper cells) make CD8 cells ‘killer T cells’
killer T cells phagocytosis intracellular pathogens, viruses, some CA cells an tissue transplant
What is humoral immunity?
Mature B cells come from red blood cells
CD4 cells then come to activate (differentiate) the B cells
Antibodies release from the plasma cells
They bind to and inactivate antigens in body fluid
Anti-body response directed against extracellular pathogens such as bacteria
What is a CD8 cell?
Natural killer
- release perforin MAC autolysis
- release lymphotoxic DNA apoptosis
What is a CD4 cell?
Helper cell
Manages and coordinates the immune response
Increase production of T and B cells
Activates B cells to mature plasma cells
Acts as supresor cells increases immune response
What do plasma cells do?
Produce immunoglobine that interact with specific antigens after CD4 cells have activated them
What are the antibody reactions
Agglutination- cells clump together
Precipitation - antibody and antigen combine together and become insolvable
Neutralisation - antibodies bind to bacteria then incapable to attack other cells
Lysis - direct killing of cells
Opsonisation - phagocytosis recognise the cells quickly
What is infection?
An extension of inflammation and immune processes in a complication of immune function
What is infectious disease?
A state of tissue destruction resulting from invasion by micro-organisms
What is a host?
Individual exposed to or contracts the infection
What is a resident flora?
Micro-organisms that line on or within the body in non-sterile areas without causing harm
Clinical manifestations of inflammation and immune responses?
Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
Lymphadenopathy, fever, malaise, anorexia, headaches, nausea
What are the types of pathogens?
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa- moveable organisms
Richeltsiae - blood born
Helminths
Mycoplasma - confuse immune system to attack itself
