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Term 1 Module 2 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Na
Ca
Cl

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

K
Mg
Phosphates

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3
Q

Graded - Action potentials

A

Short-long distance signals

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4
Q

Exonuclease-endonuclease

A
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5
Q

Lab colors

A

Hematoxlyn: ovum
Osmium tetraoxyd : yağ
Iron hemotoxly: mitocondiria böbrek
Best’s carmin: polygonal liver
Papanikolas : sperm
Fragmantated / not fragmentated : blood
Giemsa : blood

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6
Q

Virulent

A

Have capacity to infect

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7
Q

Pellet-Supernatant

A

Bottom-top part of the centrifuge tube

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8
Q

Hairpin DNA or ________ DNA can
occur when there is a palindrome
sequence.

A

Cruciform

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9
Q

DNA is mostly seen in _____ form in physiological conditions.

A

b-DNA

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10
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

The ligand affects the cell that
secretes it

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11
Q

Paracrine

A

After being secreted, the ligand diffuses
and acts on nearby cells.

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12
Q

G-protein is activated by binding of _________.

A

guanosine tri-phosphate (GTP)

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13
Q

Secretory Vesicles

A

Exocytosis

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14
Q

Engulfment Vesicles

A

Endocytosis

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15
Q

Merocrine

A

Release of secretory product only

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16
Q

Apocrine

A

Release of secretory product with the apical cytoplasm

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17
Q

Holocrine

A

Release of the whole cytoplasmic content

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18
Q

COP II

A

Carrying vesicle from ER to cell membrane

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19
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for glycosilation?

A

Glycosyl transferase

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20
Q

Transcytosis

A

The vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other

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21
Q

Chaperones

A

Proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins.

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22
Q

Unfolded or misfolded proteins are transported to cytoplasm to be incorporated into ________.

A

Proteasomes

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23
Q

_________ is a protein seperates vesicle from trans face of the golgi and carry to lysosome or cell membrane.

A

Clathrin

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24
Q

Extracellular Vesicles

A

Exosomes, Microvesicles

25
Q

Microflaments subunit?

A

Actin

26
Q

Microtubules subunit?

A

Tubulin

27
Q

Intermediate Flaments subunit?

A

Keratins, Desmin, GFAP, Vimentin, Peripherin, Neurofilaments, Lamins, Nestin

28
Q

Microtubuls are originated from _________.

A

Centrosom

29
Q

________ is the most abundant protein in intracellular matrix.

A

Actin

30
Q

________ is the most abundant protein in extracellular matrix.

A

Collagen

31
Q

Actin Drugs

A

Cytochalasin, Phalloidin, Latrunculin

32
Q

Axoneme

A
33
Q

Microtubule Drugs

A

Colchicine, Vincristin(Vinblastin), Nocodazole, Paclitaxel

34
Q

_______ is one of the most abundant type of intermediate filament.

A

Vimentin

35
Q

Motor Proteins:

A

Kinesin(microfilament), Dynein(microtubule), Myosin(microtubule)

36
Q

Bacterium has a _______ that
attracts the neutrophil.

A

lipoprotein

37
Q

Centrosomes have _ triples of
microtubules.

A

9

38
Q

Proofreading is from _’ to _’.

A

3’ to 5’

39
Q

Prokaryotic genes are generally seen as structures called ________.

A

Operon

40
Q

_________ indicates the starting point of transcription.

A

Promoter

41
Q

Prokaryotic genes are called ________ because the mRNA codes for more than one protein. Eukaryotic genes are _________ because the mRNA codes for only one protein.

A

Polycistronic, Monocistronic

42
Q

Which RNA polymerase is responsible for coding mRNAs?

A

RNA polymerase II

43
Q

There are _ nucleotides in initiator.

A

7

44
Q

Locus?

A

Segment of DNA

45
Q

________ mutations have effects on phenotype.

A

Intergenic

46
Q

Adenine deamination results in formation of _________.

A

Hypoxsanthine

47
Q

Guanine deamination results in formation of __________.

A

Xsantine

48
Q

Missense mutations

A

A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

49
Q

Nonsense mutations

A

A point mutation in a DNA sequence that results in a shorter, unfinished protein product.

50
Q

Silent mutation

A

Mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype.

51
Q

Transition-Transversion

A

-Transition means substitutions of one purine for the other or one pyrimidine for the other.
-Transversion mean, the replacement of a purine for a pyrimidine.

52
Q

Tautomer?

A

Two molecules with the same molecular formula but different
connectivity

53
Q

Which chemical mutagen is leads to deamination of adenine?

A

Nitrous acid (also leads to deamination of cytosine after that uracil occurs)

54
Q

Post-translational modifications based on the addition of chemical groups:

A

Phosphorylation(kinases)
Acetylation
Hydroxylation
Methylation

55
Q

Post-translational modifications based on the addition of complex groups:

A

Glycosylation
AMPylation
Lipidation

56
Q

Post-translational modifications based on the addition of polypeptides:

A

Ubiquitination

57
Q

Post-translational modifications based on the cleavage of proteins:

A

Proteolysis

58
Q

Post-translational modifications based on the amino acid modification:

A

Deamidation

59
Q

Post-translational modifications based on the cleavage of proteins:

A

Proteolysis(Insulin)

Term 1 Module 2 (7 decks)

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