Week 3 Flashcards
Extracellular fluid
Na
Ca
Cl
Intracellular fluid
K
Mg
Phosphates
Graded - Action potentials
Short-long distance signals
Exonuclease-endonuclease
Lab colors
Hematoxlyn: ovum
Osmium tetraoxyd : yağ
Iron hemotoxly: mitocondiria böbrek
Best’s carmin: polygonal liver
Papanikolas : sperm
Fragmantated / not fragmentated : blood
Giemsa : blood
Virulent
Have capacity to infect
Pellet-Supernatant
Bottom-top part of the centrifuge tube
Hairpin DNA or ________ DNA can
occur when there is a palindrome
sequence.
Cruciform
DNA is mostly seen in _____ form in physiological conditions.
b-DNA
Autocrine signaling
The ligand affects the cell that
secretes it
Paracrine
After being secreted, the ligand diffuses
and acts on nearby cells.
G-protein is activated by binding of _________.
guanosine tri-phosphate (GTP)
Secretory Vesicles
Exocytosis
Engulfment Vesicles
Endocytosis
Merocrine
Release of secretory product only
Apocrine
Release of secretory product with the apical cytoplasm
Holocrine
Release of the whole cytoplasmic content
COP II
Carrying vesicle from ER to cell membrane
Which enzyme is responsible for glycosilation?
Glycosyl transferase
Transcytosis
The vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of a cell to the other
Chaperones
Proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins.
Unfolded or misfolded proteins are transported to cytoplasm to be incorporated into ________.
Proteasomes
_________ is a protein seperates vesicle from trans face of the golgi and carry to lysosome or cell membrane.
Clathrin
Extracellular Vesicles
Exosomes, Microvesicles
Microflaments subunit?
Actin
Microtubules subunit?
Tubulin
Intermediate Flaments subunit?
Keratins, Desmin, GFAP, Vimentin, Peripherin, Neurofilaments, Lamins, Nestin
Microtubuls are originated from _________.
Centrosom
________ is the most abundant protein in intracellular matrix.
Actin
________ is the most abundant protein in extracellular matrix.
Collagen
Actin Drugs
Cytochalasin, Phalloidin, Latrunculin
Axoneme
Microtubule Drugs
Colchicine, Vincristin(Vinblastin), Nocodazole, Paclitaxel
_______ is one of the most abundant type of intermediate filament.
Vimentin
Motor Proteins:
Kinesin(microfilament), Dynein(microtubule), Myosin(microtubule)
Bacterium has a _______ that
attracts the neutrophil.
lipoprotein
Centrosomes have _ triples of
microtubules.
9
Proofreading is from _’ to _’.
3’ to 5’
Prokaryotic genes are generally seen as structures called ________.
Operon
_________ indicates the starting point of transcription.
Promoter
Prokaryotic genes are called ________ because the mRNA codes for more than one protein. Eukaryotic genes are _________ because the mRNA codes for only one protein.
Polycistronic, Monocistronic
Which RNA polymerase is responsible for coding mRNAs?
RNA polymerase II
There are _ nucleotides in initiator.
7
Locus?
Segment of DNA
________ mutations have effects on phenotype.
Intergenic
Adenine deamination results in formation of _________.
Hypoxsanthine
Guanine deamination results in formation of __________.
Xsantine
Missense mutations
A point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
Nonsense mutations
A point mutation in a DNA sequence that results in a shorter, unfinished protein product.
Silent mutation
Mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism’s phenotype.
Transition-Transversion
-Transition means substitutions of one purine for the other or one pyrimidine for the other.
-Transversion mean, the replacement of a purine for a pyrimidine.
Tautomer?
Two molecules with the same molecular formula but different
connectivity
Which chemical mutagen is leads to deamination of adenine?
Nitrous acid (also leads to deamination of cytosine after that uracil occurs)
Post-translational modifications based on the addition of chemical groups:
Phosphorylation(kinases)
Acetylation
Hydroxylation
Methylation
Post-translational modifications based on the addition of complex groups:
Glycosylation
AMPylation
Lipidation
Post-translational modifications based on the addition of polypeptides:
Ubiquitination
Post-translational modifications based on the cleavage of proteins:
Proteolysis
Post-translational modifications based on the amino acid modification:
Deamidation
Post-translational modifications based on the cleavage of proteins:
Proteolysis(Insulin)
