Week 1 Flashcards
The water (H2O) molecule has _____ geometry.
Tetrahedral
Repulsion
A noncovalent interection
Nucleophile-electrophile
Electron rich-poor
One water molecule can make ___ hydrogen bonds.
4
Acidemia-Alkalemia (Acidosis-Alkalosis)
Blood ph Decrease-Increase
Monosaccharides
trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses, aldoses, ketoses
Glucose have ___ asymmetric carbons
4
Cellobiose
The repeating disaccharide unit of cellulose
Dihydroxyacetone
The simplest ketose
Glyceraldehyde
The simplest aldose
Dextrin
A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen.
Inulin
The storage carbohydrate in some plants (a fructose polymer).
For glucose in solution, more than 99% is in the _____ form.
pyranose(a six-membered ring)
Enzymes:
1.Oxidoreductases
2.Transferases
3.Hydrolases
4.Lyases
5.Isomerases
6.Ligases
1.Transfer of electrons
2.Group transfer reactions
3.Hydrolisis reactions
4.Cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N, generating double bonds
5.Geometric or structural changes within a molecule
6.Ligation of two molecules in reactions coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP
Turnover number (kcat)
Number of substrate molecules converted to
product
Chaperones
Proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins
General double bounds in fatty acids
Δ9*, Δ12, Δ15
The double bonds of ________ fatty acids are almost never conjugated, but separated by a methylene group.
polyunsaturated
In nearly all naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, the double bonds are in the ____
configuration.
cis
_______’s absence from the lungs of premature infants causes respiratory distress syndrome.
Dipalmitoyl lecithin (two palmitic (16:0), glycerol, phosphate, choline)
Cephalin
Phosphatidic acid is esterified to ethanolamine
Phosphatidylserine plays a role in ______.
apoptosis
Cardiolipin is virtually exclusive to the inner ________ membrane.
mitochondrial
The difference between Urasil and Thymine is that Thymine has a ____ group.
methil
Purine Bases
Adenine
Guanine
Hypoksantine
Xantine
What contributes the purine synthesis?
Aspartate amino
Glutamine amide
Glycine
Bicorbonate
Folate
Specific Purine Inhibators
6-mercaptopurine (IMP to GMP)
6-thioguanine
Azathioprine (organ transplantation)
Adenine arabinoside (DNA polymerase)
Azaserin
What contributes the pyrimidine synthesis?
Aspartate amino
Glutamine amide
Bicarbonate
What is Glycine’s R group?
H
What is Alanine’s R group?
CH3
What is *Valine’s R group?
Isopropyl
What is *Leucine’s R group?
Isobutyl
Which amino acids contain sulfur?
Cysteine(polar) and *Methionine(apolar)
What is Cystin?
It is formed by the union of two Cysteines with a disulfide bond
What are hydroxy amino acids?
Serine and *Threonine (both polar)
What are aromatic amino acids?
*Phenylalanine(apolar), Tyrosine(polar) and *Tryptophan(apolar)
Phenolic amino acid
Tyrosine
________ contains indole ring.
*Tryptophan(heterocyclic)
Basic amino acids (base)
*Lysine
**Arginine
**Histidine(heterocyclic)
Proline(apolar) is an _________.
Imino acid (heterocyclic)
Histamin protein incluedes __________ and __________.
**arginine, *lysine
Collagen contains _________ and _________.
glycine, **arginine
Acidic Amino acids
Aspartic acid (aspartate) and Glutamic acid (glutamate)
________ is important for hemoglobin synthesis
Glycine
________ and ________ are the only pure
ketogenic amino acids.
*Lysine, *Leucine
Mixed ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids:
*Isoleucine, *Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and *Tryptophan
Micelle
Aggregate of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension.
_________ is composed of aspartic acid and phenyl alanine. (Acts as sweetening agent)
Aspartame
_________ helps in absorption of amino acids, protects against hemolysis of RBC(red blood cells) by breaking hydrogen peroxide which causes cell damage. (anti-aging)
GSH (Glutathion) (glutamic acid,cysteine
and glycine)
