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Bio 23 Labs > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mendelian genetics

A

Help us discern and predict patterns of inheritance within a family line.

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2
Q

Johann Friedrich Miescher

A

Coined the term nuclein, now called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the repository for genes.

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3
Q

By 1900, compounds of DNA were known as

A

Sugar, phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases.

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4
Q

When was the overall structure of DNA was learned?

A

1953

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5
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Long, thread-like molecules with uniform diameter but varied length.

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6
Q

How many DNA molecules are in the nucleus of most human cells?

A

46 DNA molecules (chromosomes)

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7
Q

How long is an average human DNA molecule?

A

About 2in long

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8
Q

A single nucleotide consists of.

A

One sugar- Deoxyribose, One phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

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9
Q

What are the names of nitrogenous bases?

A

Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

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10
Q

What pairs with Adenine (A)

A

Thymine (T)

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11
Q

What pairs with Guanine (G)

A

Cytosine (C)

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12
Q

A double helix of DNA is shaped like what?

A

A spiral staircase

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are shared between ( A-T)

A

Two hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are shared between (C-G)

A

Three hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

The law of complementary base pairing

A

The base sequence on one strand of DNA determines the base sequence of the other.

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16
Q

What is the previous definition of a gene?

A

A segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein.

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17
Q

Genome

A

All the genes of one person.

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18
Q

How many genes do humans have?

A

Around 20,000.

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

Fine filamentous Material complexed with proteins.
Occurs as 46 chromosomes in most cells.

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20
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that are crucial for DNA packing. Cluster in groups of eight.

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21
Q

Nucleosome

A

Core particle

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22
Q

What is the current definition of a gene?

A

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA that plays a role in synthesizing one or more proteins.

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23
Q

What is the study of whole genomes?

A

Genomics

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24
Q

Base triplet

A

The sequence of three DNA nucleotides that stand for one amino acid.

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25
Q

Codon

A

3-base sequence of mRNA
64 possible codons available to represent 20 amino acids
61 code for amino acids; 3 are stop codons

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26
Q

Start codons

A

AUG codes for methionine, and begins the amino acid sequence of the proteins.

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27
Q

Stop codons

A

UAG, UGA, and UAA: signal “end message”

28
Q

What are the four steps in DNA replication?

A

unwinding, unzipping, building new DNA strands, and repackaging.

29
Q

What does DNA unwind from?

A

Histones

30
Q

What are the three subphases in interphase?

A

First gap phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S)
Second gap phase (G2)

31
Q

What are the multiple subphases of the Mitosis phase?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

32
Q

What is (G1) for?

A

They use that time to grow

33
Q

What is (S) for?

A

Cell replication of all nuclear DNA and duplicate centrioles.

34
Q

(G2)

A

Cells repair DNA errors, and grow and synthesize enzymes that control cell division.

35
Q

Mitotic phase

A

The cell replicates its nucleus and then pinches in two to form new daughter cells.

36
Q

What is mitosis?

A

It is the division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

37
Q

What are some of the functions of mitosis?

A

1) Developed of an individual from fertilized egg to about 50 trillion cells.
2) Growth of all tissues and organs after birth.
3) Replacement of cells that die.
4) Repair of damaged tissues

38
Q

What happens during Prophase

A

The chromatin turns into chromosomes
The nuclear envelope disintegrates
The centrioles start to move to opposite ends and form the spindles.

39
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are aligned on the cells equator (middle)

40
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Enzyme cleaver two sister chromatids apart at the centromere.
The single strand of daughter cells migrates to the opposite side.

41
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell.
Rough ER makes a new nuclear envelope around the cluster.
Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin
Mitotic spindle disintegrates
Each nucleus forms nucleoli

42
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm into two cells

43
Q

Cyclins

A

Normally not present, but form during interphase

44
Q

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

A

Activated by cyclins to phosphorylate other proteins

45
Q

Cyclin-Cdk complexes control

A

The replication of DNA and centrioles in the S phase

46
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring.

47
Q

Karyotype

A

Chart of all 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size
23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

48
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

22 pairs of autosomes
1 pair of sex chromosomes

49
Q

Females are represented by what combination of chromosomes?

A

XX

50
Q

Males are represented by what combinations of chromosomes?

A

XY

51
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Describe any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes and somatic cells are diploid.

52
Q

Haploid (n)

A

Describes cells containing half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

53
Q

Human haploid cells contain

A

23 unpaired chromosomes

54
Q

Germ cells (sperm and egg cells) are Examples of Haploid or Diploid?

A

Haploid

55
Q

Locus

A

Is the location of a particular gene on a chromosome.

56
Q

Alleles Loaction

A

are found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes

57
Q

Dominant alleles are represented by what?

A

Capital letter

58
Q

If a dominant allele is present what happens?

A

Corresponding traits are usually seen in the individual.
Masks effect of the recessive allele
Often produces protein responsible for visible traits.

59
Q

What is a Recessive allele represented by?

A

A lowercase letter

60
Q

what happens when a recessive allele is present?

A

The corresponding trait is only seen when recessive alleles are present on both homologous chromosomes.
Ofter codes for the nonfunctional variants of the protein.

61
Q

Genotype

A

The alleles an individual possesses for a particular gene.

62
Q

Homozygous

A

Individuals have two identical alleles for the gene.

63
Q

Heterozygous

A

Individuals have two different alleles for the gene.

64
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable trait

65
Q

Punnett square

A

A diagram showing possible genotypes and phenotype outcomes from parents of known genotypes.
CC Cc
Cc cc

Bio 23 Labs (6 decks)

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