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Bio 23 Labs > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The total magnifying power of a microscoe depends on the selection of what?

A

Objective lens

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2
Q

About how many cells are in the human body?

A

200

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a squamous cell?

A

Thin, flat, and scaly

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a cuboidal cell?

A

Squarish-looking

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a columnar cell?

A

Looks like a column and is taller than wide.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of a polygonal cell?

A

Irregular angular shapes, multiple sides.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of a stellate cell?

A

It is star-like.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a spheroid to an ovoid cell?

A

Round to oval

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of a discoidal cell?

A

disc shaped

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of fusiform cells?

A

Thick in the middle, tapered toward the end.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a fibrous cell?

A

Thread-like

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12
Q

What is the size of most human cells?

A

10-15 um in diameter

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the plasma (cell) membrane?

A

To surround the cell and to define boundaries.

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14
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Proteins and lipids

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15
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
Cytosol (Interacewllular fluid. ICF)

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16
Q

What is Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside of cells includes tissue (interstitial) fluid.

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17
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate fibers and microtubles

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18
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Determines the cell shape
Support structure
Organize cell contact
Directs movement of materials within a cell
Contributes to the movement of the cell as a whole

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19
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

It is a network of protein filaments and cylinders

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20
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin proteins

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21
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

Protein keratin.

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22
Q

What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

A

Give shape to cells and resists stress.

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23
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Protofilaments are made of the protein tubulin.

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24
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Maintain cell shape, holds organelles, and acts as a railroad track for walking motor proteins. They make axonemes of cilia and flagella and form the mitotic spindles.

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25
Q

What are organelles?

A

They are the internal structures of a cell and carry out specialized metabolic tasks.

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26
Q

What does a membranous organelles contain?

A

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi complex

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27
Q

What does a non-membranous organelle contain?

A

Ribosomes
centrosomes
centrioles
basal bodies

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28
Q

What is the largest organelle?

A

Nucleus

29
Q

Can a cell be anuclear or multinucleate? True or false?

A

True

30
Q

What is found on the nuclear envelope?

A

Nuclear pores

31
Q

What is used to form the nuclear pores?

A

A ring of proteins

32
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope and pores?

A

REgulate molecular traffic through the envelope and holds the two membrane layers together.

33
Q

What is the nuclear envelope supported by?

A

Nuclear lamina

34
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

It is a web of protein filaments

35
Q

What is the function of the nuclear lamina?

A

It provides points of attachment for chromatin
helps regulate the cell life cycle.

36
Q

What is the Nucleoplasm?

A

It is the material in the nucleus.
Chromatin
Nucleoli

37
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

It is a thread-like pattern that is composed of DNA and protein. Chromatin is what chromosomes look like before mitosis begins.

38
Q

What are the Nucleoli?

A

The mass inside the nucleus where the ribosomes are produced.

39
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of channels (cisterns) enclosed by the memrane.

40
Q

How many types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?

A

Two:
Smooth ER
Rough ER

41
Q

What is rough ER?

A

It is parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes.

42
Q

Where is the rough ER located?

A

On the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

43
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER?

A

To produce phospholipids and proteins of nearly all cell membranes and to synthesize proteins that are packed in other organelles or secreted from the cell.

44
Q

What are some functions of Smooth ER?

A

Calcium storage, detoxification, synthesizes of steroids and other lipids.

45
Q

Where is the smooth ER located?

A

On the outer layer of the rough ER.

46
Q

What does the smooth ER lack that the rough ER has?

A

Ribosomes

47
Q

Are rough and smooth ER considered different parts of the same network?

A

Yes

48
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

They are small granules of protein and RNA.

49
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They “read” coded genetic messages (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

50
Q

What is a Golgi complex?

A

It is a system of cisterns that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein synthesis.

51
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

It receives newly synthesized proteins from the rough ER
Sorts proteins, splice some, adds carbohydrates moieties to some, and packages them into membrane-bound Golgi vesicles.

52
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

It is a package of enzymes bound by a membrane.

53
Q

What is the shape of lysosomes?

A

Normally round but variable in shape.

54
Q

What are some of the functions of lysosomes?

A

Intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances.

55
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

The digestion of cells’ surplus organelles.

56
Q

What is Autolysis?

A

” Cell suicide”: the digestion of a surplus of cells by itself.

57
Q

They resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. What am I?

A

Peroxisomes

58
Q

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

A

It is to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules.

59
Q

Where are peroxisomes found?

A

In all cells but are abundant in the liver and kidneys.

60
Q

What are Proteasomes?

A

They are hollow, cylindrical organelles that dispose of the surplus proteins.

61
Q

What contains enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids?

A

Proteasomes

62
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

They are organelles specialized for synthesizing APT

63
Q

What is the nickname given to mitochondria?

A

Powerhouse

64
Q

What do mitochondria evolve from?

A

Bacteria that invade another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and become a permanent resident.

65
Q

What is centriole?

A

They are a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules.

66
Q

How many types of inclusions are there?

A

Two
Stored cellular products
Foreign bodies

67
Q

Examples of Stored cellular products.

A

Glycogen, granules, pigments, and fat droplets.

68
Q

Examples of Foreign bodies.

A

Viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, and other debris are phagocytized by a cell.

Bio 23 Labs (6 decks)

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