Week 2 Flashcards by Catherine Varner

The total magnifying power of a microscoe depends on the selection of what?

Objective lens

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About how many cells are in the human body?

200

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What are the characteristics of a squamous cell?

Thin, flat, and scaly

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What are the characteristics of a cuboidal cell?

Squarish-looking

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What are the characteristics of a columnar cell?

Looks like a column and is taller than wide.

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What are the characteristics of a polygonal cell?

Irregular angular shapes, multiple sides.

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What are the characteristics of a stellate cell?

It is star-like.

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What are the characteristics of a spheroid to an ovoid cell?

Round to oval

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What are the characteristics of a discoidal cell?

disc shaped

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What are the characteristics of fusiform cells?

Thick in the middle, tapered toward the end.

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What are the characteristics of a fibrous cell?

Thread-like

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What is the size of most human cells?

10-15 um in diameter

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What is the purpose of the plasma (cell) membrane?

To surround the cell and to define boundaries.

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What is the plasma membrane composed of?

Proteins and lipids

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What does the cytoplasm contain?

Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
Cytosol (Interacewllular fluid. ICF)

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What is Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside of cells includes tissue (interstitial) fluid.

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What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

Microfilaments, intermediate fibers and microtubles

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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Determines the cell shape
Support structure
Organize cell contact
Directs movement of materials within a cell
Contributes to the movement of the cell as a whole

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What is a cytoskeleton?

It is a network of protein filaments and cylinders

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What are microfilaments composed of?

Actin proteins

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What are intermediate filaments composed of?

Protein keratin.

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What is the function of the intermediate filaments?

Give shape to cells and resists stress.

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What are microtubules composed of?

Protofilaments are made of the protein tubulin.

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What is the function of microtubules?

Maintain cell shape, holds organelles, and acts as a railroad track for walking motor proteins. They make axonemes of cilia and flagella and form the mitotic spindles.

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What are organelles?

They are the internal structures of a cell and carry out specialized metabolic tasks.

What does a membranous organelles contain?

Nucleus Mitochondria Lysosomes Peroxisomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex

What does a non-membranous organelle contain?

Ribosomes centrosomes centrioles basal bodies

What is the largest organelle?

Nucleus

Can a cell be anuclear or multinucleate? True or false?

True

What is found on the nuclear envelope?

Nuclear pores

What is used to form the nuclear pores?

A ring of proteins

What is the function of the nuclear envelope and pores?

REgulate molecular traffic through the envelope and holds the two membrane layers together.

What is the nuclear envelope supported by?

Nuclear lamina

What is the nuclear lamina?

It is a web of protein filaments

What is the function of the nuclear lamina?

It provides points of attachment for chromatin helps regulate the cell life cycle.

What is the Nucleoplasm?

It is the material in the nucleus. Chromatin Nucleoli

What is Chromatin?

It is a thread-like pattern that is composed of DNA and protein. Chromatin is what chromosomes look like before mitosis begins.

What are the Nucleoli?

The mass inside the nucleus where the ribosomes are produced.

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A system of channels (cisterns) enclosed by the memrane.

How many types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?

Two: Smooth ER Rough ER

What is rough ER?

It is parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes.

Where is the rough ER located?

On the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

What is the function of the Rough ER?

To produce phospholipids and proteins of nearly all cell membranes and to synthesize proteins that are packed in other organelles or secreted from the cell.

What are some functions of Smooth ER?

Calcium storage, detoxification, synthesizes of steroids and other lipids.

Where is the smooth ER located?

On the outer layer of the rough ER.

What does the smooth ER lack that the rough ER has?

Ribosomes

Are rough and smooth ER considered different parts of the same network?

Yes

What are ribosomes?

They are small granules of protein and RNA.

What is the function of ribosomes?

They "read" coded genetic messages (mRNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

What is a Golgi complex?

It is a system of cisterns that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein synthesis.

What does the Golgi complex do?

It receives newly synthesized proteins from the rough ER Sorts proteins, splice some, adds carbohydrates moieties to some, and packages them into membrane-bound Golgi vesicles.

What are lysosomes?

It is a package of enzymes bound by a membrane.

What is the shape of lysosomes?

Normally round but variable in shape.

What are some of the functions of lysosomes?

Intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances.

What is Autophagy?

The digestion of cells' surplus organelles.

What is Autolysis?

" Cell suicide": the digestion of a surplus of cells by itself.

They resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. What am I?

Peroxisomes

What is the function of Peroxisomes?

It is to use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules.

Where are peroxisomes found?

In all cells but are abundant in the liver and kidneys.

What are Proteasomes?

They are hollow, cylindrical organelles that dispose of the surplus proteins.

What contains enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids?

Proteasomes

What are mitochondria?

They are organelles specialized for synthesizing APT

What is the nickname given to mitochondria?

Powerhouse

What do mitochondria evolve from?

Bacteria that invade another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and become a permanent resident.

What is centriole?

They are a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules.

How many types of inclusions are there?

Two Stored cellular products Foreign bodies

Examples of Stored cellular products.

Glycogen, granules, pigments, and fat droplets.

Examples of Foreign bodies.

Viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, and other debris are phagocytized by a cell.