Week 1 Flashcards
What are the three planes of the body?
Frontal, transversal, and sagittal planes
What does the term Ventral mean?
Toward the front or belly
EX: The aorta is ventral to the vertebral column
What does the term Dorsal mean?
Toward the back or spine.
EX: The vertebral column is Dorsal to the aorta.
What does the term Anterior mean?
Toward the ventral side.
EX: The sternum is anterior to the heart.
What does the term Posterior mean?
Toward the dorsal side.
EX: The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
What does the term Cephalic mean?
Toward the head or superior end.
Ex: The cephalic end of the embryonic neural tube develops into the brain.
What does the term Rostral mean?
Toward the forehead or nose.
EX: The forbrain is rostal to the brainstem.
What does the term Caudal mean?
Toward the tail or interior end.
EX: The spinal cord is caudal to the brain.
What does the term Superior mean?
Above
EX: The heart is superior to the diaphragm.
What does the term Inferior mean?
Below
Ex: The liver is inferior to the diaphragm.
What does the term Medial mean?
Toward the median plane.
Ex: The heart is medial to the lungs.
What does the term Lateral mean?
Away from the median plane.
Ex: the eyes are lateral to the nose.
What does the term Proximal mean?
Closer to the point of attachment or origin.
Ex: The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
What does the term Diatal mean?
Father from the point of attachment or origin.
Ex: the fingernails are at the distal end of the fingers.
What does the term Ipsilateral mean?
On the same side of the body (left or right)
Ex: The liver is ipsilateral to the appendix.
What does the term Contralateral mean?
On opposite sides of the body (left and right)
Ex: The spleen is contralateral to the liver.
What does the term Superficial mean?
Closer to the body’s surface.
Ex: the skin is superficial to the muscles
What does the term Deep mean?
Father away from the surface of the body.
Ex: the bones are deep compared to the muscles.
How many quadrants are there?
Four, the Upper right, Lower right, Lower left, and upper left.
How many regions are there?
Nine. The left and right outer sides consist of
Hypochondriac, lumbar, and inguinal regions.
The three inner regions are the Epigastric, Umbilical, and Hypogastric regions.
How many cavities are there?
Four.
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
What does the cranial cavity hold?
The brain and the membranous lining is Meninges
What does the Vertebral canal hold?
The spinal cord and the membranous lining is Meninges.
What does the Thoracic cavity hold?
It holds two cavities in one.
The pleural cavity (2) holds the lungs and the lining is Pleurae
The pericardial cavity holds the heart and the lining is the pericardium.
What does the Abdominopelvic cavity hold?
It holds two cavities in one.
The abdominal cavity and holds the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys. the lining is the peritoneum
The Pelvic cavity and holds the bladder, rectum, reproductive organs. the lining is the peritoneum.
Where is the parietal pericardium located in the heart?
The outermost layer of the heart.
Where is the visceral pericardium located in the heart?
The innermost layer of the heart
What are the three layers of the heart?
Parietal pericardium, Pericardial cavity, and Visceral pericardium.
What are the three layers of the lungs?
Parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura.
What are the principal organs in the Integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands.
What are the principal functions of the organs in the Integumentary gland?
Protection
Water retention
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis
Cutaneous sensation
Nonverbal communication.
What are the principal organs of the Skeletal system?
Bones, cartilages, ligaments
What is the principal function of the organs in the skeletal system?
Support
Movement
The protective enclosure of the viscera
Blood formation
Electrolyte and acid-base balance.
What are the principal organs of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles.
What is the function of the principal organs in the muscular system?
Movement
Stability, communication
Control of the body openings
Heat production
What are the principal organs of the Lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils
What are the functions of the principal organs in the Lymphatic system?
Recovery of excess tissue fluid
detection of pathogens
Production of immune cells
Defend against disease.
What are the primary organs in the Respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the primary functions of the organs in the Respiratory system?
Absorption of oxygen
Discharge of carbon dioxide
Acid-base balance
Speech
What are the primary organs in the Urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What are the primary functions of the organs in the Urinary system?
Elimination of wastes
Regulation of blood pressure and pressure
Stimulation of red blood cell formation
Control of fluid
electrolyte
Acid-base balance
Detoxification
What are the principal organs in the Endocrine system?
The pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries.
What are the functions of the organs in the Endocrine system?
Hormone production
Internal chemical communication and coordination
What are the principal organs in the Circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels.
What are the principal functions of the organs in the Circulatory system?
Distribution of nutrients, Oxygen, wastes, Hormones, Electrolytes, Heat, Immune cells, Antibodies, Fluid, and electrolytes.
Acid-base balance
What are the primary organs in the Digestive system?
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
What are the primary functions of the organs in the Digestive system?
Nutrient breakdown and absorption
What are the primary organs in the Male reproductive system?
Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and penis.
What is the function of the organs in the Male reproductive system?
Production of sperm cells
Delivery of sperm cells
Secretion of sex hormones
What are the primary organs in the Female reproductive system?
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.
What is the primary function of the organs in the Female reproductive system?
Production of egg cells
Site of fertilization and fetal development
Fetal nourishment
Birth
Lactation
Sex hormones.
