Week 3

Question 1

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control?

Answer 1

I- auto-conduction of the heart

E- control by the nervous system S/PS nervous systems.

Question 2

What happens at the AV node?

Answer 2

Where the impulse from the atria is processed before passing to the ventricles.

Question 3

What would happen if there was no AV node?

Answer 3

The heart beat would be uncoordinated because there is nothing to slow down the signal from the SA node to the rest of the heart.

Question 4

What is happening during isovolumetric ventricle contraction?

Answer 4

The right and left ventricles are starting to pup but they have not broken the pressure of the valves yet to release blood into the arteries.

Question 5

What is the refractory period?

Answer 5

The time period where the heart will not fire again even with a stimulus. Heart needs time to fill with blood again.

Question 6

What effect increases the force of contraction? What branch of the nervous system deals with this?

Answer 6

Inotropic Effect - caused by the Sympathetic Nervous System.

Question 7

Why does our heart rate increase before a race or when we are nervous.

Answer 7

The impulse comes from the somatomotor central command centre in anticipation of exercise or arousal when we are nervous.

Question 8

Where is EPO produced?

Answer 8

Majority is produced in the kidneys and a very small amount is produced in the liver.

Question 9

What does EPO do?

Answer 9

Acts on bone marrow in long bones to stimulate the production of RBCs.

Question 10

Name 4 cells that are produced by bone marrow.

Answer 10

1. RBC
2. Monocytes
3. Basophil
4. Neutrophil

Question 11

What makes up 55% of whole blood?

Answer 11

Plasma

Question 12

What is hematocrit?

Answer 12

The ratio of blood cells to total blood volume. (measured in %).

Question 13

What is the percentage of hematocrit in females?

Answer 13

37-47%.

Question 14

What does Polycthemia refer to?

Answer 14

Elevated hematocrit - percentage. Can be natural or caused by high altitude environments.

Question 15

What 5 factors that effect blood pressure.

Answer 15

Hydration 
Stress
Inactivity 
Orthostatic Changes 
Caffeine

Question 16

Is there differences in heart structure between sedentary individuals and endurance individuals?

Answer 16

Yes, sedentary the heart muscle is more thick and wide.

Question 17

What group has the most similar characteristics to a chimpanzee’s heart?

Answer 17

An American Football Lineman. Both rely on strength and power. The heart adapts.

Question 18

Do pace makers fire every single beat?

What is different with the newer models?

Answer 18

No, it works on demand. It kicks in when the beat is too low based on a set value.

In newer models - this set point can change based on one’s activity levels, temperature etc.

Question 19

What does a double pace maker penetrate?

Answer 19

The right atrium and ventricle.

Question 20

What is atrial fibrillation?

Answer 20

When the atrium isn’t firing.

Question 21

What percentage of water is within the body. Why does it differ among the individual?

Answer 21

40-60% of water. This value will differ based on the individual’s body fat.

Question 22

What is the role of albumin?

Answer 22

Transport proteins for several steroid hormones and fatty acids.

Question 23

What is blood doping?

Answer 23

Is systemic manipulation of one’s RBC. Blood is removed from the body, you let your body recover and inject yourself with blood (RBC) again. Idea that more oxygen is being delivered to the muscles.

Question 24

Does blood doping work?

Answer 24

Yes, VO2 mac and Time to Exhaustion can be increased with some effects lasting up to a week.

Question 25

Why was it problematic that there was a threshold for EPO testing?

Answer 25

Gave cheaters a target they had to be under.

Question 26

What is one method they test for EPO doping now?

Answer 26

Test the ratio of RBC to immature ones (reticulocytes). If doping there will be a huge spike in the number of reticulocytes.

Question 27

At what altitude should one train at to make more RBC to deliver oxygen?

Answer 27

It is individualistic- exact height is different for everyone.