Week 3

Question 1

Knee Joint:

• Formed by
• Normal, increased, decreased, abnormal angle

Answer 1

• Formed by femur, patella and tibia
• Tibia is vertical and the femur is in a slight angle which forms the Q angle (angle between the femur and tibia)
• Normal angle 17 degrees
• Decreased angle = gene valrum (bow leg)
• Increased Q angle = gene valgum
• Abnormal angles = uneven weight-bearing (could cause progressive degeneration of articular surfaces- osteoarthritis)

Question 2

Classification of Knee Joint

- Joints

Answer 2

• Femorotibial joint: joint between femur and tibia = modified hinge synovial joint between distal femur and proximal tibia. Movements of knee joint guided, limited, and stabilised by the cruciate ligaments and menisci of the knee (intra-articular structures)
• Femoropatellar joint: joint between patella and femur (known as patellofemoral joint) = compound condylar joint OR saddle joint

Question 3

Anterior Cruciate ligament:

• Attachments
• Function

Answer 3

• Extends from the anterior intercondylar area and projects itself posteriorly and superiorly to attach to the medial surface of the lateral femoral condyle (crosses knee joint)
• Limits anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur (or posterior rolling of the femoral condyles of the femur on the tibia)
• Prevents excessive hyperextension of the knee
• Use patella tendon, donor, hamstring tendon

Question 4

Posterior Cruciate ligament:

• Attachments
• Function

Answer 4

• Projects from the posterior intercondylar area and projects superiorly and anteriorly to attach to the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur
• Limits posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur (or anterior rolling of the femoral condyles on the tibia)
• Prevents excessive flexion of the knee

Question 5

Menisci of the knee:

- Function

Answer 5

• Deepen the articulation, absorb shock and migrate to accommodate rolling and rotation of the femoral condyles
• Intraarticular structures: medial and lateral menisci

Question 6

Extra-articular surfaces of the knee

Answer 6

• The anterior aspect of the knee is stabilized by the patellar tendon/ligament and the posterior by the oblique popliteal ligament and arcuate popliteal ligament
• Extra articular ligaments prevent excessive lateral forces (main capsular ligaments)
• Fibular collateral ligament (lateral collateral ligament): Prevents excessive varus forces (varus = distal part more medial)
• Tibial collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament): Prevents excessive valgus forces

Question 7

Bursae

Answer 7

• Serous membranes preventing friction during movement and preserve joints overtime- Underneath most tendons, ligaments, capsules
• Bursitis = inflammation of serous membranes

Question 8

Anterior Thigh Main Muscles:

Answer 8

Sartorius and quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis)

Question 9

Sartorius:

• Attachments
• Action and Function
• NS

Answer 9

• P: anterior superior iliac spine
• D: anterior aspect of medial condyle of tibia
• Synergist for hip flexion, abduction, lateral rotation, and knee flexion (medial rotation with the knee flexed)
• Femoral nerve

Question 10

Quadriceps:

• NS
• Muscles

Answer 10

• Innervated by the Femoral nerve

- Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

Question 11

Rectus Femoris:

• Attachments
• Action and Function
• NS

Answer 11

• P: anterior inferior iliac spine
• D: Quadriceps tendon, patella, patella tendon and tibial tuberosity
• hip flexion and knee extension
• femoral nerve

Question 12

Vastus Medialis (Oblique) - VMO

• Attachments
• Action and Function
• NS

Answer 12

• P: Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur
• D: Quadriceps tendon, patella, patella tendon and tibial tuberosity
• knee extension
• femoral nerve

Question 13

Vastus Lateralis:

• Attachments
• Action and Function
• NS

Answer 13

• P: greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera
• D: Quadriceps tendon, patella, patella tendon and tibial tuberosity
• knee extension
• Femoral nerve

Question 14

Vastus Intermedius

• Location
• Attachments
• Action and Function
• NS

Answer 14

• Underneath rectus femoris
• P: anterior and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the femur
• D: Quadriceps tendon, patella, patella tendon and tibial tuberosity
• knee extension
• femoral nerve

Question 15

Articluaris Genu:

- Action

Answer 15

• Pulls capsule up in an extension of the knee

Question 16

Posterior Thigh Main Muscles

Answer 16

Hamstrings:

• Biceps Femoris (short, long head)
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus

Question 17

Hamstrings:

• Region
• Muscles
• NS

Answer 17

• Posterior Thigh
• Biceps Femoris (short, long head), Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus
• Inverted by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve
• The short head of the biceps femoris is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve

Question 18

Biceps Femoris:

• Region
• Attachments
• Action
• NS

Answer 18

• Posterior Thigh
• Biceps = 2 heads
  P:
• Long head: medial upper quadrant of ischial tuberosity
• Short head: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
  D: lateral side of the head of the fibula
• Hip extension and knee flexion and lateral rotation
• Tibial (long head) and common fibrillar divisions of the sciatic nerve (short head)

Question 19

Semitendinosus:

• Region
• Attachments
• Action
• NS

Answer 19

• Posterior Thigh
• P: medial inferior quadrant of the ischial tuberosity
• D: anterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
• Hip extension and knee flexion and medial rotation
• Tibial division of the sciatic nerve

Question 20

Semimembranosus:

• Region
• Attachments
• Action
• NS

Answer 20

• Posterior Thigh
• P: upper lateral quadrant of ischial tuberosity
• D: posterior surface of medial condyle of tibia
• Hip extension(concentric contraction) and knee flexion (concentric contraction)
• (tibial division of) sciatic nerve

Question 21

Tendons

Answer 21

muscle to bone

Question 22

Ligaments

Answer 22

bone to bone