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Functional Anatomy S2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ipsilateral:

A

‘same side’

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2
Q

Distal:

A

further from the trunk

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3
Q

Bilateral:

A

affecting both sides

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4
Q

Unilateral:

A

affecting one side

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5
Q

Contralateral:

A

means opposite side

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6
Q

Superior:

A

top

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7
Q

Inferior:

A

bottom

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8
Q

Anterior:

A

in front

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9
Q

Posterior:

A

behind

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10
Q

Coronal plane:

A

runs side - side and top-bottom (separates us into anterior and posterior)

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11
Q

Transverse plane:

A

run side-side and front-back (divides from superior to interior parts)

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12
Q

Sagittal plane:

A

runs from top-bottom and front-back (separates the body into left and right sections)

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13
Q

Mid sagittal plane:

A

runs down the midline of the body and divides into two equal halves

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14
Q

Longitudinal axis:

A

a vertical line from top to bottom

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15
Q

Inversion

A

bottom of the foot is shown inwards

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16
Q

Eversion

A

bottom of the foot is shown outwards

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17
Q

Epiphysis:

A

superior and inferior ends of long bone (involved in RBC production)

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18
Q

Diaphysis (shaft):

A

the middle part of long bone

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19
Q

Metaphysic:

A

space between Epiphysis and Diaphysis

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20
Q

Periosteum

A

the membrane that covers long bone and contains vessels, arteries and nerves (protective layer, heals bone)

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21
Q

Medullary cavity:

A

space in long bone and inside it is bone marrow (involved in production of stem cells)

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22
Q

How is compact bone formed? (cortical bone)

A

By several cylinders that are formed by osteocytes (form sheets of lamellae which overlap and form osteon’s
Osteon’s form the compact layer of bone
- Outside thick layer

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23
Q

Spongey bone:

A

porous

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24
Q

Axial skeleton:

A

skull, head, ribs, vertical column

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25
Q

Appendicular skeleton:

A

upper and lower limbs

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26
Q

Long Bone:

  • Describe
  • Function
  • Eg
A
  • Shaft, two ends, longer than it is wide
  • Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement
  • Eg: femur, ulna, radius
27
Q

Short Bone:

  • Describe
  • Function
  • Eg
A
  • Cube-shaped
  • To provide support and stability with little to no movement
  • Eg: carpals in the wrist, tarsals in the ankle
28
Q

Flat Bone:

  • Describe
  • Function
  • Eg
A
  • Flat shape, not rounded
  • Protect internal organs (eg brain, heart, pelvic organs)
  • Eg: skull, rib bones
29
Q

Irregular Bone:

  • Describe
  • Function
  • Eg
A
  • Vary in shape
  • Protection of nervous tissue
  • Eg: vertebrae, irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis)
30
Q

Sesamoid Bone:

  • Describe
  • Function
  • Eg
A
  • Small and round (embedded in tendons)
  • Decrease friction, modify pressure (redistribute weight-bearing forces)
  • Patella
31
Q

Articular surfaces:

A
  • Bony Landmark on joints
  • Facets/fovea- flat articular joints
  • Condyles- round AJ
  • Trochlea- special shape AJ
32
Q

Depression:

A
  • Bony Landmark, indent/cavity/hole in bone
  • Fossa
  • Sulcus/sulci
  • Canals
  • Apertures
33
Q

Elevations:

A 
Process- sticks out
Spine- pointy on the point
Tubercle- sticks out, bit rounder
Tuberosity- rough surface
Trochanter-  big round surface
Crest- edge 
Line- edge
Epicondyle- stick out (eg elbows)
Protuberance- elevated
Prominence- elevated
Eminence- elevated
Head- furtherest from trunk
Base- closet to trunk
34
Q

Fibrous (synarthrosis) joints:

A
  • Stable joints, fixed

- Eg: Cranium

35
Q

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints:

A
  • Little stable and mobile

- Eg in long bones

36
Q

Secondary Cartilaginous joints:

A

are joints around body that have structure between them that binds them together

37
Q

Synovial (diarthrosis) joints:

A
  • Completely mobile

- Joint motion: spin, roll, glide

38
Q

Plane synovial joint:

A

(usually uniaxial) permit gliding/sliding movements

39
Q

Hinge synovial joint:

A

(uniaxial) permit flexion and extension only (eg elbow) (F & E)

40
Q

Saddle synovial joint:

A

(biaxial) saddle shape heads permit movement in 2 different planes (eg thumb) (M= F&E, ADD &ABD, circumduction)

41
Q

Condyloid synovial joint:

A

(biaxial) permit flexion and extension, adduction and abduction and circumduction

42
Q

Ball and socket synovial joint:

A

(only multiaxial) a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes
- Movements: Flexion and extension (occur around the frontal axis), adduction and abduction (sagittal axis), internal and external rotation (vertical axis)

43
Q

Pivot synovial joint:

A

(uniaxial) rounded processes of a bone fit into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation

44
Q

All synovial joints have:

A
  • Joint cavity: Synovial fluid in JC which lubricates bones
  • Articular cartilage: covered in hyaline cartilage, supplied by synovial fluid
  • Articular capsule (stabilises joint): Fibrous, synovial membrane
45
Q

Degrees of Freedom

  • Uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Multiaxial
A
  • Motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom (flexion, extension)
  • Motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom (flexion, extension, and adduction, abduction)
  • motion in all planes
46
Q

Types of Muscle Cells

A 
Skeletal:
- Voluntary
- Striated (stripped)
Visceral:
- Involuntary
- Smooth
Cardiac:
- Involuntary/ automatic
- Striated and ‘smooth’
47
Q

Skeletal Muscle to sarcomere order

A

Muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibril, sarcomere (structural unit of muscle)

48
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • Contracts like a muscle

- When force generated that contracts (actin & myosin brought together), shortens the muscle

49
Q

Concentric muscle contraction

A

muscle shortens as it contracts and accelerates movements

50
Q

Eccentric muscle contraction

A

muscle lengthens under tension and decelerates/controls movement

51
Q

Isometric muscle contraction

A

the muscle remains the same length and used to remain stationary

52
Q

Agonist/Prime mover:

A

main muscle(s) responsible for movement (eg knee extension= quad’s)

53
Q

Antagonist:

A

the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist muscle (eg knee extension = hamstring)

54
Q

Synergist:

A

the muscle that assists movement (usually smaller muscles)

55
Q

Stabiliser/ fixation:

A

muscles that are dynamic stabilizers of a joint

56
Q

Shunt:

A

muscles that resist dislocating forces at joint (oppose forces- eg shoulder holding bag)

57
Q

Connective tissue:

A

Tendons, Aponeurosis, Fascia

58
Q

Tendons:

A

muscle to bone

  • Collagen
  • Tendons are formed by membranes that cover muscle cells (epi, peri, endomysium)
  • Form bony landmarks
59
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Covers a muscle, thicker, whiter, holds muscle fibers together

  • Collagen
  • Flat sheets of ‘tendons’
  • Anchors to the muscle to skeleton, deep fascia
60
Q

Fascia

A

Thicker, hold muscle fibres together

  • Covers most of the body deep to the skin
  • Types: superficial fascia, deep fascia (investing fascia, intermuscular septa, retinaculum)
61
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs of nerves in humans
  • Anterior: nerves that have motor functions
  • Posterior: nerves that have sensory functions
  • Rootlets: combine to form roots
  • Combination of Anterior and Posterior = spinal nerve
62
Q

Types of Nerves

A

Afferent

Efferent

63
Q

Afferent (sensory) fibers:

A

Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors various parts of the body (skin)

64
Q

Efferent (motor) fibers:

A

Form the anterior (ventral) nerve root to the spinal nerve

Functional Anatomy S2 (4 decks)

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