Week 1 Flashcards
Ipsilateral:
‘same side’
Distal:
further from the trunk
Bilateral:
affecting both sides
Unilateral:
affecting one side
Contralateral:
means opposite side
Superior:
top
Inferior:
bottom
Anterior:
in front
Posterior:
behind
Coronal plane:
runs side - side and top-bottom (separates us into anterior and posterior)
Transverse plane:
run side-side and front-back (divides from superior to interior parts)
Sagittal plane:
runs from top-bottom and front-back (separates the body into left and right sections)
Mid sagittal plane:
runs down the midline of the body and divides into two equal halves
Longitudinal axis:
a vertical line from top to bottom
Inversion
bottom of the foot is shown inwards
Eversion
bottom of the foot is shown outwards
Epiphysis:
superior and inferior ends of long bone (involved in RBC production)
Diaphysis (shaft):
the middle part of long bone
Metaphysic:
space between Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Periosteum
the membrane that covers long bone and contains vessels, arteries and nerves (protective layer, heals bone)
Medullary cavity:
space in long bone and inside it is bone marrow (involved in production of stem cells)
How is compact bone formed? (cortical bone)
By several cylinders that are formed by osteocytes (form sheets of lamellae which overlap and form osteon’s
Osteon’s form the compact layer of bone
- Outside thick layer
Spongey bone:
porous
Axial skeleton:
skull, head, ribs, vertical column
Appendicular skeleton:
upper and lower limbs
Long Bone:
- Describe
- Function
- Eg
- Shaft, two ends, longer than it is wide
- Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement
- Eg: femur, ulna, radius
Short Bone:
- Describe
- Function
- Eg
- Cube-shaped
- To provide support and stability with little to no movement
- Eg: carpals in the wrist, tarsals in the ankle
Flat Bone:
- Describe
- Function
- Eg
- Flat shape, not rounded
- Protect internal organs (eg brain, heart, pelvic organs)
- Eg: skull, rib bones
Irregular Bone:
- Describe
- Function
- Eg
- Vary in shape
- Protection of nervous tissue
- Eg: vertebrae, irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis)
Sesamoid Bone:
- Describe
- Function
- Eg
- Small and round (embedded in tendons)
- Decrease friction, modify pressure (redistribute weight-bearing forces)
- Patella
Articular surfaces:
- Bony Landmark on joints
- Facets/fovea- flat articular joints
- Condyles- round AJ
- Trochlea- special shape AJ
Depression:
- Bony Landmark, indent/cavity/hole in bone
- Fossa
- Sulcus/sulci
- Canals
- Apertures
Elevations:
Process- sticks out Spine- pointy on the point Tubercle- sticks out, bit rounder Tuberosity- rough surface Trochanter- big round surface Crest- edge Line- edge Epicondyle- stick out (eg elbows) Protuberance- elevated Prominence- elevated Eminence- elevated Head- furtherest from trunk Base- closet to trunk
Fibrous (synarthrosis) joints:
- Stable joints, fixed
- Eg: Cranium
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) joints:
- Little stable and mobile
- Eg in long bones
Secondary Cartilaginous joints:
are joints around body that have structure between them that binds them together
Synovial (diarthrosis) joints:
- Completely mobile
- Joint motion: spin, roll, glide
Plane synovial joint:
(usually uniaxial) permit gliding/sliding movements
Hinge synovial joint:
(uniaxial) permit flexion and extension only (eg elbow) (F & E)
Saddle synovial joint:
(biaxial) saddle shape heads permit movement in 2 different planes (eg thumb) (M= F&E, ADD &ABD, circumduction)
Condyloid synovial joint:
(biaxial) permit flexion and extension, adduction and abduction and circumduction
Ball and socket synovial joint:
(only multiaxial) a rounded head fits into a concavity, permitting movement on several axes
- Movements: Flexion and extension (occur around the frontal axis), adduction and abduction (sagittal axis), internal and external rotation (vertical axis)
Pivot synovial joint:
(uniaxial) rounded processes of a bone fit into a bony ligamentous socket, permitting rotation
All synovial joints have:
- Joint cavity: Synovial fluid in JC which lubricates bones
- Articular cartilage: covered in hyaline cartilage, supplied by synovial fluid
- Articular capsule (stabilises joint): Fibrous, synovial membrane
Degrees of Freedom
- Uniaxial
- Biaxial
- Multiaxial
- Motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom (flexion, extension)
- Motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom (flexion, extension, and adduction, abduction)
- motion in all planes
Types of Muscle Cells
Skeletal: - Voluntary - Striated (stripped) Visceral: - Involuntary - Smooth Cardiac: - Involuntary/ automatic - Striated and ‘smooth’
Skeletal Muscle to sarcomere order
Muscle, fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibril, sarcomere (structural unit of muscle)
Sarcomere
- Contracts like a muscle
- When force generated that contracts (actin & myosin brought together), shortens the muscle
Concentric muscle contraction
muscle shortens as it contracts and accelerates movements
Eccentric muscle contraction
muscle lengthens under tension and decelerates/controls movement
Isometric muscle contraction
the muscle remains the same length and used to remain stationary
Agonist/Prime mover:
main muscle(s) responsible for movement (eg knee extension= quad’s)
Antagonist:
the muscle that opposes the action of the agonist muscle (eg knee extension = hamstring)
Synergist:
the muscle that assists movement (usually smaller muscles)
Stabiliser/ fixation:
muscles that are dynamic stabilizers of a joint
Shunt:
muscles that resist dislocating forces at joint (oppose forces- eg shoulder holding bag)
Connective tissue:
Tendons, Aponeurosis, Fascia
Tendons:
muscle to bone
- Collagen
- Tendons are formed by membranes that cover muscle cells (epi, peri, endomysium)
- Form bony landmarks
Aponeurosis
Covers a muscle, thicker, whiter, holds muscle fibers together
- Collagen
- Flat sheets of ‘tendons’
- Anchors to the muscle to skeleton, deep fascia
Fascia
Thicker, hold muscle fibres together
- Covers most of the body deep to the skin
- Types: superficial fascia, deep fascia (investing fascia, intermuscular septa, retinaculum)
Spinal Nerves
- 31 pairs of nerves in humans
- Anterior: nerves that have motor functions
- Posterior: nerves that have sensory functions
- Rootlets: combine to form roots
- Combination of Anterior and Posterior = spinal nerve
Types of Nerves
Afferent
Efferent
Afferent (sensory) fibers:
Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors various parts of the body (skin)
Efferent (motor) fibers:
Form the anterior (ventral) nerve root to the spinal nerve
