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Medicine Year 2 > Week 231 - Anaemia > Flashcards

Week 231 - Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

How is anaemia caused in CKD? Want morphology will the resultant anaemia be?

A

Reduced or absence EPO production leads to reduced stimulation or erythrocyte maturation and therefore anaemia
Normocytic - RBCs will be normal just reduced in number

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2
Q

What is frontal bossing? What anaemia causing condition is it found in and why

A

Prominent protruding forehead
Found in Thalassaemia due to chronic hypoxic state leading to increase in proportion of erythroblasts, expansion and fatty deposition in bone marrow

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3
Q

What are the differences between a reticulocyte and an erythrocyte?

A

Reticulocyte is larger, has some organelles (though no nucleus by this stage) and countians roughly 25% of the Hb of a mature erythrocyte

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4
Q

To what molecule does iron bind within a RBC?

A

Haem

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5
Q

Explain why iron deficiency anaemia results in a microcytic morphology?

A

RBCs have too few haem molecules in them so the body tries to increase Hb concentration within each cell by stimulating a further cell division hence RBCs are smaller than normal

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6
Q

What do Vitamin B12 and folate do in the body (what is their role)?

A

They contribute to DNA synthesis, mitosis and metabolism of every cell in the body

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7
Q

What type of anaemia results from Vit B12 or folate deficiency and why?

A

Megaloblastic macrocytic anaemia

Cells have less DNA, less divisions therefore are larger cells

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8
Q

Thalassaemia is a problem with the production of what element of haemoglobin?

A

Globin

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9
Q

Sickle Cell Anaemia results from what problem with which element of haemoglobin?

A

Structure of Globin

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10
Q

Sideroblastic anaemia is caused by a problem with which element of haemoglobin?

A

The protoporphyrin element of haem

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11
Q

Anaemia of chronic disease leads to a problem with which element of haemoglobin?

A

Iron element of haem

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12
Q

List the causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia

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13
Q

List the causes of normocytic anaemia

A 
Acute blood loss
Anaemia of chronic disease
Pregnancy 
CKD
Marrow infiltration / fibrosis (marrow failure)
Haemolytic anaemia      Hypothyroidism
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14
Q

List the causes of macrocytic anaemia

A 
Vit B12 or folate deficiency
Alcohol excess
Liver disease 
Hypothyroidism
Reticulocytosis
Drug therapy (e.g. Azathioprine, hydroxycarbimide
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15
Q

What is hepcidin, what does it do and when is it stimulated?

A

Hepcidin is an iron regulator in the body
It is stimulated by high levels of serum iron and when activated reduces iron degradation in the liver and reduces iron absorption (in duodenum) and reabsorption (in liver)

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16
Q

What is serum ferritin a measure of?

A

It reflects the amount of stored iron in the body

17
Q

What differences would you see in blood results when trying to determine whether an anaemia is due to iron deficiency, Thalassaemia, sideroblastic or chronic disease?

A

Iron deficiency: reduced serum iron and serum ferritin but increased iron binding capacity
The other 3 would demonstrate normal or increased ferritin levels

18
Q

What 3 correctable factors cause the sickle shape of RBCs in sickle cell anaemia?

A

Hypoxia
Dehydration
Acidosis

19
Q

What two overarching fates are sickle cells vulnerable to which ultimately cause most of the signs and symptoms or sickle cell anaemia?

A

Haemolysis (sickle shape makes them vulnerable to destruction )
Occlusion of blood vessels (leading to hypoxia and ischaemia: pain)

20
Q

What chronic signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia are attributable to haemolysis of RBCs?

A 
Fatigue > reduced oxygen to tissues
Pallor > "
Impaired growth / dev in children > "
Jaundice > destruction of Hb > bilirubin >
Gallstones
21
Q

What acute signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia are attributable to haemolysis of RBCs?

A

Aplastic crisis > Parvovirus B19 > reduced RBCs

22
Q

What acute signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia are attributable to vessel occlusion by RBCs?

A

Vaso-occlusive crisis (tissue hypoxia)

  • bone dactylitis
  • lungs (acute chest syndrome)
  • stroke
  • priapism (pathological erection)
23
Q

What chronic signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia are attributable to vessel occlusion from RBCs?

A

Splenic dysfunction (increased infections)

24
Q

What is sequestration in a sickle crisis and what happens?

A

Sequestration occurs as a consequence of vascular occlusion by sickle cells leaving the spleen. As a result the backed become trapped I the spleen leading to splenomegaly and reduction in blood count > hypovolaemia and potentially shock

25
Q

What 3 blood results are you likely to see in aplastic anaemia and how will they differ from PRCA (pure red cell aplasia)?

A

Pancytopenia
Low or absent reticulocyte count
Hypocellular/aplastic bone marrow with increased fat spaces
With PRCA RBCs would be low or absent but WCC and PLTs would be normal

26
Q

What is pernicious anaemia and how does it occur?

A

Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune form of anaemia. Results in Vit B12 malabsorption. Caused by atrophic gastritis which results in absence of gastric parietal cells > no intrinsic factor which is necessary for the binding to and absorption of VitB12 in the terminal ileum

27
Q

What is EPO and how is it stimulated?

A

EPO - erythropoietin is a growth factor produced by peritubilar cells in the renal cortex in response to tissue hypoxia. It stimulate bone marrow stem cells to become erythroid precursor cells and ultimately mature erythrocytes (RBCs)

28
Q

For what reason would oxymetholone be used in the management of Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)? What type of drug is it?

A

Oxymetholone is an anabolic steroid. It is used in PRCA to stimulate EPO and therefore RBC production

29
Q

What is “Roid Rage”?

A

A potential side effect of anabolic steroid use whereby a person develops aggressive behaviour

30
Q

Why might an individual with PRCA have pigmented skin?

A

Due to iron overload which may result from the management

31
Q

What procedure can be performed to reduce RBC count and serum ferritin if RBC count is over-corrected by treatment for PRCA?

A

Venesection

32
Q

How is a Sickle Cell Crisis managed in hospital?

A 
Oxygen
Fluid resus
Analgesia
thromboprophylaxis
Transfusion if threshold meant (~70g/L usually)
33
Q

What 4 medications might you put aSickle cell + Beta Thalassemia patient on?

A

Hydroxycarbamide (to reduce thrombosis risk)
Folic acid and Ferrous fumerate to improve RBC health
Penicillin as prophylaxis for increased susceptibility to infection

Medicine Year 2 (28 decks)

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