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9610 Anatomy > Week 2.1.2 > Flashcards

Week 2.1.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The visceral thorax means to be ___ the thorax

A

Inside

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2
Q

The respiratory structures of the visceral thorax can be grouped according to __ and ___. These zones are known as the

A

Function and location

Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone

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3
Q

What is the main purpose of the conducting zone?

A

-Carry air to the respiratory zone

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4
Q

List the structures of the conducting zone

A

Upper respiratory tract (URT) and lower respiratory tract (LRT)

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of the URT?

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx (above the vocal folds)

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6
Q

What are the 4 components of the LRT?

A

Larynx (below the vocal folds), trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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7
Q

The respiratory tract is at the ___ end of the LRT

A

Distal

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8
Q

What occurs in the respiratory zone?

A

Gas exchange

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9
Q

3 components of the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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10
Q

The trachea is part of the __ zone

A

Conducting

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11
Q

List the 3 components of the tracheal wall from superficial to deep

A

Mucous membrane, submucosa, adventitia

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12
Q

How is the trachea involved in coughing things out? Explain the 3 main points

A
  • Has cilia that propel mucus superiorly
  • Elastin = stretch with inhalation and recoil during exhalation
  • Mucosa is sensitive to irritants and stimulation will evoke cough reflex
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the submucosa and adventitia of the trachea?

A
  • Submucosa has glands to protect mucous

- Adventitia is an outer layer of connective tissue that has cartilaginous rings for structure

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14
Q

Which muscle sits in the opening of the cartilaginous rings of the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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15
Q

How many cartilaginous rings are there in the trachea, what type of cartilage is it, and which way do they open?

A
  • 16-20 C-shaped rings
  • Hyaline (hence structure)
  • Posteriorly
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16
Q

The c-rings of the trachea are about 11 cm in length and 2/2.5 cm in diameter.

They go from the ___ border of the larynx into the ___, which is anterior to the ___

A
  • Inferior border
  • Mediastinum
  • Esophagus
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17
Q

What do the trachea’s c-rings divide into?

A

2 mainstem/primary bronchi

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18
Q

What is the carina?

A

Point of bifurcation from the trachea to the bronchi (form into the mainstem brinchi)

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19
Q

Which bronchi is more vertical? How does this affect breathing/swallowing?

A
  • Right side
  • Debris/foreign particles more likely to enter this side
  • Also wider and shorter
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20
Q

How does each primary bronchi enter the lung?

A

Through the hilum (medial depression) - each lung has 1 primary bronchi

21
Q

How many lobular or secondary bronchi does each lung have?

A 
Right = 3 lobes 
Left = 2 lobes
22
Q

How many segmental/tertiary bronchi are in each lobe? (AKA bronchopulmonary segments)

A 
Right = 10 
Left = 8
23
Q

What does the conducting zone end with?

A

Terminal bronchioles

-Cartilage disappears and the lobes keep dividing into smaller pathways

24
Q

What happens to the cartilaginous rings as the bronchi get smaller?

A
  • the rings, the cilia and mucous producing cells disappear so that gas exchange can take place as we enter the respiratory zone
25
Q

Briefly explain how the alveoli contribute to gas exchange

A
  • Outer membrane is permeable to O2 and CO2 (has Type 1 and Type 2 cells)
  • Covered in dense capillary bed
26
Q

What is the difference between the Type 1 and Type 2 cells on the alveoli membrane?

A
  • Type 1: permit gas exchange

- Type 2: produce surfactant to decrease tension and prevent alveoli collapse during respiration (inflates)

27
Q

What is the purpose of the alveoli’s dense capillary bed?

A

-Allows small blood volume to be spread over large surface area for gas exchange

28
Q

Which lobe of the lung contains the cardiac notch?

A

Left

29
Q

What is an analogy for the lung pleura?

A

Double layer of Siran Wrap

30
Q

Where does the outer layer of the lung pleurae line? 3 places

A
  • Outer layer = thoracic cavity
  • Superior surface of diaphragm
  • Lateral surface of mediastinum (parietal pleura)
31
Q

What does the inner layer of the lung pleurae line? Where does it fold back on itself?

A
  • External surface of the lung (visceral pleura)

- Fold back on itself at the hilum… see image slide 15

32
Q

3 main purposes of the lung pleurae

A
  • Hold parietal and visceral pleura together
  • Moves with/clings to thoracic wall
  • Lubricates
33
Q

What is different about the lungs of infants at birth?

A
  • At birth lungs completely fill thorax
  • Less alveoli (this is why they breathe faster)… develop more into adulthood to share work of gas exchange (slow rate and breathe more efficiently)
34
Q

List the 4 main respiratory defence mechanisms

A
  1. Coordination of breathing and swallowing
  2. Mechanical Clearance in the conducting zone
  3. Clearance of particles in respiratory zone
  4. Clearance of liquids in respiratory zone
35
Q

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, coordination and breathing

A
  • Respiration inhibited during swallowing (cannot do both at same time)
  • Highly coordinated to prevent simultaneous swallow and breathing
  • Respiratory apnea and swallow-related apnea
36
Q

What is aspiration?

A
  • Failed coordination of breathing and swallowing…
  • Foreign particles enter airway below vocal folds
  • May lead to aspiration pneumonia (infection from bacteria entered via aspiration)
37
Q

What may affect coordination of breathing and swallowing?

A

Certain diseases like COPD and PD

38
Q

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, mechanical clearance in conducting zone

A
  • Afferent inputs from CNS = motor response (coughing)

- VIA Mucociliary action (mucous/foreign particles sent upwards to airway/trachea to be removed through coughing

39
Q

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, clearance of particles in the respiratory zone

A
  • Macrophages protect alveoli via phagocytosis

- Carry particles to conducting zone, lymph nodes and kill pathogens

40
Q

What does ‘phago-‘ mean?

A

To eat - always has to do with eating

41
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Particle ingestion (happens via macrophages on alveoli in resp system)

42
Q

Briefly explain the respiratory defence mechanism, clearance of liquids in the respiratory zone

A
  • Lymphatics (drain and filter excess tissue fluids within the lymph system)
  • Lymphatics clear 400-700 mL p/day
  • Do this with mascs to manage increase in humidity
43
Q

What is a tracheotomy?

A
  • Incision at 2nd or 3rd tracheal rings so tube can be inserted into trachea
  • Bipasses URT obstruction
44
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

-Pathology of lungs - air in pleural space
-Interrupts pleural linkage
-Could lead to collapsed lung
(Image slide 22)

45
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Overproduction of mucous in LRT b/c of pollutants (ie smoking) and/or allergens
  • Bronchiole walls thicken
  • Damaged cilia = poor ventilation and ventilation
46
Q

Respiratory viscera is divided into __ and ___

A

Respiratory and conducting zone

47
Q

Main purpose of the bronchopulmonary tree?

A

Provide large surface area for gas exchange

48
Q

Pathologies can affect __ and ___

A

Air movement (ventilation) and gas exchange (respiration)

49
Q

Air movement is to ___ as gas exchange is to ____

A

Ventilation; Respiration

9610 Anatomy (6 decks)

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