week 2 v2

Question 1

what is social structure?

Answer 1

stable patterns of social behaviour and relationships among people
- major aspect is social stratification

Question 2

what is a social institution?

Answer 2

networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them (e.g family, military, labor market)

Question 3

what is a social problem?

Answer 3

condition or a type of behaviour that many people believe is harmful
- 2 components: objective element and subjective element

Question 4

what is social identity?

Answer 4

way individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they are a part of

Question 5

what is othering?

Answer 5

making in-group and out-group difference, way of marginalization and stigmatization

Question 6

what is socialization?

Answer 6

life-long process by which individuals internalize the values, belief, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
- essential for human development (nature vs nurture)

Question 7

who is Auguste Comte?

Answer 7

French philosopher who coined term “sociology”

Question 8

who is Harriet Martineau

Answer 8

morals & manners
anomalies

Question 9

who is Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Answer 9

gender inequality
problems of women’s economic dependence on men

Question 10

what are the 3 major conceptions of how society works?

Answer 10

structural functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist perspectives

Question 11

what is structural functionalism?

Answer 11

views society as system of interdependent parts carrying out functions crucial to well-being of other parts and the system as a whole

Question 12

what is conflict perspective?

Answer 12

views society as characterized by inequalities that advantage some groups and disadvantage others, lead to conflict and social change

Question 13

what is symbolic interactionism

Answer 13

focuses on person to person interaction and the actual meanings people give to their experiences and environments

Question 14

what is a method?

Answer 14

study design to study social world and make conclusions more reliable

Question 15

what are ethics?

Answer 15

essential to social science research, since its research on people

Question 16

what is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?

Answer 16

black men in Alabama, were told they had bad blood, real diagnosis never revealed. once cure available, not told about it, lifelong complications and deaths

Question 17

what is ethics in social science?

Answer 17

protect privacy and confidentiality

Question 18

what is quantitative research method?

Answer 18

numbers and quantities

Question 19

what is qualitative research method?

Answer 19

themes, patterns, connections

Question 20

what are experiments and its strengths/weaknesses?

Answer 20

control the environment to isolate the effects of one item
strengths: confident of the effect of element isolated
weakness: cant ethically study some topics experimentally
not sure if subjects act same way in real world

Question 21

what are surveys? strengths and weaknesses?

Answer 21

set of questions subjects respond to
strengths: quick and cheap, online, phone, email, person, lots of data, lots of people
weaknesses: hard to get people to respond, working issues

Question 22

what is participant observation? strengths and weaknesses?

Answer 22

researcher directly observes and participates in social world studying in
strengths: detailed info, understand feeling
weaknesses: time consuming and expensive, study small # of people

Question 23

what is historical and content analysis? strengths and weaknesses?

Answer 23

use existing sources
strengths: look for patterns or themes not evident, show how topic is presented in media, shows issues ini past through historical records
weaknesses: no control over quality of data

Question 24

what factors do you take account while choosing a method?

Answer 24

topic, what you want to know, resources, research skills

Question 25

what are the 4 biases and meanings?

Answer 25

confirmation bias: only notice info that support what u believe selection bias: choose data or people in way to make results unfair echo chambers: surround you with people who agree with you nonresponse bias: do not answer survey, results inaccurate

Question 26

what are the research steps?

Answer 26

1. choose a research question 2. state hypothesis 3. gather data 4. analyze data 5. develop conclusions

Question 27

what are the 2 variables and meanings?

Answer 27

independant: causes change dependant: affected by independent variable, what were trying to explain

Question 28

what are the 3 elements oft is hypothesis and 3 elements of it?

Answer 28

statement about how you believe variables are related 1. population 2. indepedant variable 3. dependant variable

Question 29

what is operationalization and ways to measure stress?

Answer 29

how we convert variables into items that can be measures 1. psych tests 2. frequency of certain behaviours 3. physical tests

Question 30

what is a sample?

Answer 30

representative group of larger population

Question 31

what are the 3 types of samples?

Answer 31

random: every member has a chance to be chosen non-random: less likely to be chosen nonresponse bias: does or does not respond that cause sample to be unrepresentative

Question 32

what is spurious relationship?

Answer 32

relationship appears casual but is not

Question 33

what do we consider for correlation and causation?

Answer 33

timing of variables, direction of relationship, spurious variables

Question 34

what is validity?

Answer 34

research project measured what its indented to measure, poor measures

Question 35

what is reliability?

Answer 35

measures are consistent, questions asked consistent way