week 2 v2 Flashcards
what is social structure?
stable patterns of social behaviour and relationships among people
- major aspect is social stratification
what is a social institution?
networks of structures in society that work to socialize the groups of people within them (e.g family, military, labor market)
what is a social problem?
condition or a type of behaviour that many people believe is harmful
- 2 components: objective element and subjective element
what is social identity?
way individuals define themselves in relationship to groups they are a part of
what is othering?
making in-group and out-group difference, way of marginalization and stigmatization
what is socialization?
life-long process by which individuals internalize the values, belief, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
- essential for human development (nature vs nurture)
who is Auguste Comte?
French philosopher who coined term “sociology”
who is Harriet Martineau
morals & manners
anomalies
who is Charlotte Perkins Gilman
gender inequality
problems of women’s economic dependence on men
what are the 3 major conceptions of how society works?
structural functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist perspectives
what is structural functionalism?
views society as system of interdependent parts carrying out functions crucial to well-being of other parts and the system as a whole
what is conflict perspective?
views society as characterized by inequalities that advantage some groups and disadvantage others, lead to conflict and social change
what is symbolic interactionism
focuses on person to person interaction and the actual meanings people give to their experiences and environments
what is a method?
study design to study social world and make conclusions more reliable
what are ethics?
essential to social science research, since its research on people
what is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
black men in Alabama, were told they had bad blood, real diagnosis never revealed. once cure available, not told about it, lifelong complications and deaths
what is ethics in social science?
protect privacy and confidentiality
what is quantitative research method?
numbers and quantities
what is qualitative research method?
themes, patterns, connections
what are experiments and its strengths/weaknesses?
control the environment to isolate the effects of one item
strengths: confident of the effect of element isolated
weakness: cant ethically study some topics experimentally
not sure if subjects act same way in real world
what are surveys? strengths and weaknesses?
set of questions subjects respond to
strengths: quick and cheap, online, phone, email, person, lots of data, lots of people
weaknesses: hard to get people to respond, working issues
what is participant observation? strengths and weaknesses?
researcher directly observes and participates in social world studying in
strengths: detailed info, understand feeling
weaknesses: time consuming and expensive, study small # of people
what is historical and content analysis? strengths and weaknesses?
use existing sources
strengths: look for patterns or themes not evident, show how topic is presented in media, shows issues ini past through historical records
weaknesses: no control over quality of data
what factors do you take account while choosing a method?
topic, what you want to know, resources, research skills
what are the 4 biases and meanings?
confirmation bias: only notice info that support what u believe
selection bias: choose data or people in way to make results unfair
echo chambers: surround you with people who agree with you
nonresponse bias: do not answer survey, results inaccurate
what are the research steps?
- choose a research question
- state hypothesis
- gather data
- analyze data
- develop conclusions
what are the 2 variables and meanings?
independant: causes change
dependant: affected by independent variable, what were trying to explain
what are the 3 elements oft is hypothesis and 3 elements of it?
statement about how you believe variables are related
1. population
2. indepedant variable
3. dependant variable
what is operationalization and ways to measure stress?
how we convert variables into items that can be measures
1. psych tests
2. frequency of certain behaviours
3. physical tests
what is a sample?
representative group of larger population
what are the 3 types of samples?
random: every member has a chance to be chosen
non-random: less likely to be chosen
nonresponse bias: does or does not respond that cause sample to be unrepresentative
what is spurious relationship?
relationship appears casual but is not
what do we consider for correlation and causation?
timing of variables, direction of relationship, spurious variables
what is validity?
research project measured what its indented to measure, poor measures
what is reliability?
measures are consistent, questions asked consistent way
