Week 2: SKELETON & JOINTS

Question 1

what is the axial skeleton made up by?

Answer 1

• skull
• vertebral column
• ribs
• sternum

Question 2

what are the bones outside the axial skeleton called?

Answer 2

apendicular skeleton

Question 3

what are the two limb girdles are what do they attach to?

Answer 3

pectoral girdle:
clavicle and scapula
pelvic girdle:
two hip bones

Question 4

what are the main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 4

• support: gives the body shape
• protection of major organs
• leverage: allows muscles to attach and move freely in the body
• storage of minerals, fats

Question 5

what are articular surfaces and where can they be found?

Answer 5

Articular surfaces are smooth parts of the bone that form a joint. These can be found in the head of bones and facets in the vertebrae

Question 6

What are the different type of protrusions in the body?

Answer 6

Protrusions are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments and there are many different types in the body.
They are:
- Tuberosity: bumps on the surface of bones
- process: part of the vertebrae that connects to muscle

Question 7

What are the types of depressions and how are they formed?

Answer 7

Depressions are either hollows, notches or holes that form from the lack of weight baring and provide passageways for nerves, veins and arteries.

Question 8

what is the process of formation of a bone called?

there are two types

Answer 8

Intramembraneous ossification

Endochondral ossification: forms bone by breaking down hyaline cartilage

Question 9

what are the types of bones? name their function and give an example

Answer 9

Long Bones: for leverage, muscle attachment and movement eg humerous, tibia
Short Bones: enables an increase range of motion
eg talus (part of tarsals), scaphoid (part of carpals)
Flat Bones: for protection of vital organs
eg sternum, cranium
Irregular Bone: Unusual shape to deal with multiple forces from either muscles or gravity
eg vertebrae
Sesamoid Bone: formed in the the tendon of the muscle in response to tension
eg patella

Question 10

what are the four steps to repair a bone?

Answer 10

◦ Hematomaforms,nearbybonecellsdie
◦ Fibrocartilaginous callusforms
-fibroblasts&osteoblasts arrivetostartreconstructingbon
◦ Collagenfibresconnectbrokenends
◦ Bonycallusforms– completedin2months

Question 11

Name the three main types of joints

Answer 11

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 12

What is a fibrous joint and give an example

Answer 12

Bones are joined through fibrous tissue on the bone ends. movement depends on the length of the fibres uniting the bones, yet movement is not typical
eg cranium - short fibres

Question 13

What is a cartilaginous joint and give an example

Answer 13

Bones are joined through cartilage between bone ends. Again generally little to no movement.
eg ribs are sternum (hyaline cartilage)
vertebral discs (covered by hyaline cartilage and joined by fibrocartilage)

Question 14

Give the general characteristics of a synovial joint

Answer 14

• Joined by the synovial fluid between ends
• Hyaline cartilage covers both bone ends
• good blood and nerve supply
• where movement occurs

Question 15

describe the difference between non-axial, uni-axial, bi-axial and multi-axial

Answer 15

non-axial: no range of movement
uni-axial: one range of movement
bi-axial: two ranges of movement
multi-axial: more than two ranges of movement

Question 16

what are the types of synovial joints and give an example

Answer 16

gliding joints: eg carpals
hinge joints: eg elbow and knee joint
pivot joints: eg proximal radioulnar joint
condyloid joints: metacarpals and phalanges
saddle joints: carpal and metacarpal joint on the thumb
ball and socket: shoulder and hip joint

Question 17

If a joint is more congruent it is…

Answer 17

• the bone ends fit well
• more stable
• not as reliant on structures such as muscles, tendons and ligaments
• less likely to dislocate
• less mobile