week 1: Anatomy and terminology Flashcards
Give the normal words for these terms:
- anterior and posterior
- superior and inferior
- promixal and distal
- medial and lateral
- superficial and deep
- front and back
- top and bottom
- moving down the limb (joint being proximal)
- middle and sides of the body
- toward the skin and deep to the body
name and explain each of the planes
Sagital Plane: runs anterior to posterior.
cuts the middle of the body (midsagital)
parallel planes to the midsagital (parasagital)
Coronal Plane: runs left to right
90 degrees to the midsagital plane
Transverse Plane: cuts the body horizontally
explain:
flexion and extension
abduction and adduction
pronation and supination
- contraction (shortening) and lengthening of the muscle
- abduction involves movement away from the body while adduction involves bringing movement back toward the body
- movement in the forearm. pronation involves palms facing down. supination is palms facing up
explain: dorsi and plantar flexion circumduction depression and elevation protraction and retraction
- dorsi: toes upward, plantar: toes pointing down
- circumduction: combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction eg moving arm like a windmill
- depression: opening of the jaw elevation: closing of the jaw
- protraction: jaw moves anteriorly retraction: jaw moves posteriorly
what is epithelial tissue and describe its characteristics?
- this is a tissue that covers walls and organs in ventral body cavities and lines passageways that communicate with the outside world
- characteristics include:
- specialised contact with cells
- supported by connective tissue
- nerve supply, but no blood vessels (avascular)
- regeneration
explain whats the difference between:
- simple and stratified
- squamous, cuboidal and columnar
- simple involve a row of cells all next to each other while stratified is multiple rows that are organised similar to a honeycomb
- Squamous: thin cell, disc shape
Cuboidal: slightly deeper, sphere shape
Columnar: deepest cell, bean shape
name the type of epithelial tissues and where they are found
Simple squamous
- found in alveoli, serous membranes, lining of heart and blood vessels
Stratified squamous
- found in outer layer of skin, lining of oesophagus and trachea
Simple Cuboidal
- found in kidney tubles, ducts and secretory sections of small glands
Simple Columnar
- found in digestive tract, bronchi and uterine tubes
Explain what loose connective tissue is and give examples
- It is a semifluid or gelatinous ground substance
- a variety of cell types are present
- loose arrangement of fibres
- attaches onto epithelial tissue
eg adipose (fat) tissue
what are the types of dense connective tissue?
- tendon
- ligament
- deep fascia
What are the characteristics of cartilage and provide some examples
- dense ground substance
- tough and flexible
- provides stability
eg hyaline cartilage: found on the ends in joints
describe the difference between compact and cancellous bone
compact bone is dense and whole, while cancellous bone is spongy and has small holes
name and describe the body cavities and what they contain
Dorsal Cavity
contains the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral canal
Ventral Cavity
contains thoracic cavity which branches to pulmonary cavity (lungs) and pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic Cavity
contains major digestive system organs
what are serous membranes and what is their purpose?
serous membranes are membranes that produce serous fluid that prevents friction between the body wall and organs, which aids mobility
What is tissue repair dependent on?
A good blood supply
what are the types of ionising and non-ionsing radiation?
IONISING: x-rays, Nuclear medicine (gamma), fluoroscopy, CT scan (this is the harmful radiation)
NON-IONISING: Ultrasound, MRI
