week 2 - research methods Flashcards
dependent and independent variables
Dependent variable - The variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate
Independent variable - The variable the researcher manipulates and controls
Dependent depends on independent
ethics
Ethics Safety Benefits outweigh risks No coercion Privacy/confidentiality
operational definition
Operational definition - how to measure a concept specifically
internal validity
Internal validity
The degree to which a cause-effect relationship has been unambiguously established
external validity
External validity
The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings
face validity
Face validity
The degree to which a procedure or method measures what it intends to measure
ecological validity
Ecological validity
The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.
experience sampling
Experience sampling
A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviours at different points in time over the course of a day.
ecological momentary assessment
Ecological momentary assessment - an umbrella term that describes these other methods that repeatedly sample real-world things (like thoughts, experiences, behavior, physiology, etc).
diary method
Diary method - Complete a questionnaire at the end of the day about thoughts, feelings or behavior (whereas experience sampling is often throughout the day)
day reconstruction method
Day reconstruction method - A methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day.
➤Go through the narrative events (e.g. I woke up, showered, had coffee, etc) Report feelings, context or people with you for some events.
electronically activated recorder
Electronically activated recorder (EAR) - a methodology where participants wear a small portable audio recorder that immediately records snippets of ambient sounds around them.
Naturalistic observation usually done in the lab, but this method allows it to be done in peoples’ everyday lives
Unobtrusive ‘acoustic diary’ of their day - coarse documentation of daily activities and social encounters.
Surprisingly rich data - code things like locations, interactions, emotional expressions, etc
STUDYING DAILY BEHAVIOR
Electronically activated recorder (EAR)
Has been used to observe cultural and gender differences in sociability (operational definition = words per day)
linguistic analyses
Linguistic analyses - A quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies.
ambulatory assessment
Ambulatory assessment
An overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings.
daily diary method
Daily Diary method
A methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behavior of the day at the end of the day.
drm/daily reconstruction method
Day reconstruction method (DRM)
A methodology where participants describe their experiences and behavior of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction on the following day.
ecological momentary asessment
Ecological momentary assessment
An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants’ real-world experiences, behavior, and physiology in real time.
ecological validity
Ecological validity
The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.
generalizing
Generalizing, in science, refers to the ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations. For these conclusions to be true the sample should accurately represent the larger population from which it is drawn.
white coat hypertension
White coat hypertension
A phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital or doctor’s office but not in their everyday lives.
confounds
Confounds - Factors that undermine the ability to draw causal inferences from an experiment.
correlation
Correlation
Measures the association between two variables, or how they go together.
Experimenter expectations
When the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of a study.
longitudinal study
Longitudinal study
A study that follows the same group of individuals over time.
operational definition
Operational definitions
How researchers specifically measure a concept.
participant demand
Participant demand
When participants behave in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to behave.
placebo effect
Placebo effect
When receiving special treatment or something new affects human behavior.
quasi experimental design
Quasi-experimental design
An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions.
random assignment
Random assignment
Assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance.
locked in syndrome
Martin Poistorius - lost the ability to walk and talk as well as his strength and cognitive function because of a mysterious degenerative illness. He regained everything and was conscious during everything but couldn’t communicate. This was called LOCKED-IN SYNDROME.
inferential statistics
Inferential statistics - only plotting the mean, representing the average only - allows us to find odds related to the average we’ve found
