week 10 - attention and memory

Question 1

cocktail party phenomenon

Answer 1

​​Cocktail party phenomenon - The experience of being at a party and talking to someone in one part of the room, when suddenly you hear your name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room

Question 2

embodied

Answer 2

Embodied - Built into and linked with our cognition

Question 3

illusions

Answer 3

Illusions - Occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or that is incorrect. eyes

Question 4

mcgurk effect

Answer 4

McGurk effect - An effect in which conflicting visual and auditory components of a speech stimulus result in an illusory percept.

Question 5

moon illusion

Answer 5

Moon illusion - The fact that the moon is perceived to be about 50% larger when it is near the horizon than when it is seen overhead, despite the fact that in both cases the moon is the same size and casts the same size retinal image.

Question 6

muller flyer illusion

Answer 6

Muller-Lyer illusion - The line segment in the bottom arrow looks longer to us than the one on the top, even though they are both actually the same length.

Question 7

perceptual constancy

Answer 7

Perceptual constancy - The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation

Question 8

saccades

Answer 8

Saccades are rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation.

They range in amplitude from the small movements made while reading, for example, to the much larger movements made while gazing around a room.

Question 9

selective attention

Answer 9

Selective attention - The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.

Question 10

sensory adaptation

Answer 10

Sensory adaptation - Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.

Question 11

sensory interaction

Answer 11

Sensory interaction - The working together of different senses to create experience

Question 12

synesthesia

Answer 12

Synesthesia - An experience in which one sensation (e.g., hearing a sound) creates experiences in another (e.g., vision).

Question 13

sensory interaction occurs when……

Answer 13

Sensory interaction occurs when different senses work together, for instance, when taste, smell, and touch together produce the flavour of food.

Question 14

selective attention allows us to focus on….

Answer 14

Selective attention allows us to focus on some sensory experiences while tuning out others.

Question 15

sensory adaptation occurs when we become less sensitive to…

Answer 15

Sensory adaptation occurs when we become less sensitive to some aspects of our environment, freeing us to focus on more important changes.

Question 16

perceptual constancy allows us to perceive…..

Answer 16

Perceptual constancy allows us to perceive an object as the same, despite changes in sensation.

Question 17

cognitive illusions are examples of how….

Answer 17

Cognitive illusions are examples of how our expectations can influence our perceptions.

Question 18

dichotic listening

Answer 18

Dichotic listening - An experimental task in which two messages are presented to different ears.

Dichotic listening - A task in which different audio streams are presented to each ear. Typically, people are asked to monitor one stream while ignoring the other.

Question 19

divided attention

Answer 19

Divided attention - The ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks.

Question 20

inattentional blindness

Answer 20

Inattentional blindness - The failure to notice a fully visible object when attention is devoted to something else.

Inattentional blindness - The failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected, object or event when attention is devoted to something else.

Question 21

limited capacity

Answer 21

Limited capacity - The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time.`

Question 22

selective attention

Answer 22

Selective attention - The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.

Question 23

shadowing

Answer 23

Shadowing - A task in which the individual is asked to repeat an auditory message as it is presented.

Question 24

subliminal perception

Answer 24

Subliminal perception - The ability to process information for meaning when the individual is not consciously aware of that information.

Question 25

attention

Answer 25

attention - the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.

Question 26

focalization

Answer 26

Focalization, concentration of consciousness

Question 27

spatial attention refers to

Answer 27

Spatial attention refers specifically to how we focus on one part of our environment and how we move attention to other locations in the environment.

Question 28

inattention deafness

Answer 28

Inattentional deafness - The auditory analog of inattentional blindness. People fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene.

Question 29

selective listening

Answer 29

Selective listening - A method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information.

Question 30

memory refers to the ability to….

Answer 30

Memory refers to the ability to store and retrieve information over time.

Question 31

explicit memory

Answer 31

Explicit memory refers to experiences that can be intentionally and consciously remembered, and it is measured using recall, recognition, and relearning. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memories.

Explicit memory - Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered

Question 32

implicit memory

Answer 32

Implicit memory refers to the influence of experience on behaviour, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. The three types of implicit memory are procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

Implicit memory - A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.

Question 33

information processing stages

Answer 33

Information processing begins in sensory memory, moves to short-term memory, and eventually moves to long-term memory.
Maintenance rehearsal and chunking are used to keep information in short-term memory.
The capacity of long-term memory is large, and there is no known limit to what we can remember.

Question 34

central executive

Answer 34

Central executive - The part of working memory that directs attention and processing

Question 35

chunking

Answer 35

Chunking - The process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM

Question 36

classical conditioning effects

Answer 36

Classical conditioning effects - We learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or a light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation

Question 37

echoic memory

Answer 37

Echoic memory - Auditory sensory memory

Question 38

eidetic imagery

Answer 38

Eidetic imagery - When people can report details of an image over long periods of time (also known as photographic memory)

Question 39

episodic memory

Answer 39

Episodic memory - The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life.

Question 40

iconic memory

Answer 40

Iconic memory - Visual sensory memory

Question 41

long term memory

Answer 41

Long-term memory - Storage of information over an extended period

Question 42

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 42

Maintenance rehearsal - The process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory.

Question 43

memory stages

Answer 43

Memory stages - Sensory, short-term, and long-term

Question 44

priming

Answer 44

Priming - The activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act upon

Question 45

procedural memory

Answer 45

Procedural memory - Our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things

Question 46

recall memory

Answer 46

Recall memory - A measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered

Question 47

recognition memory test

Answer 47

Recognition memory test - A measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before

Question 48

relearning

Answer 48

Relearning - Assesses how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten

Question 49

semantic memory

Answer 49

Semantic memory - The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have.

facts and general knowledge

Question 50

sensory memory

Answer 50

Sensory memory - The brief storage of sensory information

Question 51

short term memory

Answer 51

Short-term memory (STM) - The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute

You can keep 7 +/- 2 things in your short term memory. This is why Matt can’t remember bitch #10’s name.

Question 52

working memory

Answer 52

Working memory - The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.