week 10 - attention and memory Flashcards
cocktail party phenomenon
Cocktail party phenomenon - The experience of being at a party and talking to someone in one part of the room, when suddenly you hear your name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room
embodied
Embodied - Built into and linked with our cognition
illusions
Illusions - Occur when the perceptual processes that normally help us correctly perceive the world around us are fooled by a particular situation so that we see something that does not exist or that is incorrect. eyes
mcgurk effect
McGurk effect - An effect in which conflicting visual and auditory components of a speech stimulus result in an illusory percept.
moon illusion
Moon illusion - The fact that the moon is perceived to be about 50% larger when it is near the horizon than when it is seen overhead, despite the fact that in both cases the moon is the same size and casts the same size retinal image.
muller flyer illusion
Muller-Lyer illusion - The line segment in the bottom arrow looks longer to us than the one on the top, even though they are both actually the same length.
perceptual constancy
Perceptual constancy - The ability to perceive a stimulus as constant despite changes in sensation
saccades
Saccades are rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation.
They range in amplitude from the small movements made while reading, for example, to the much larger movements made while gazing around a room.
selective attention
Selective attention - The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.
sensory adaptation
Sensory adaptation - Decrease in sensitivity of a receptor to a stimulus after constant stimulation.
sensory interaction
Sensory interaction - The working together of different senses to create experience
synesthesia
Synesthesia - An experience in which one sensation (e.g., hearing a sound) creates experiences in another (e.g., vision).
sensory interaction occurs when……
Sensory interaction occurs when different senses work together, for instance, when taste, smell, and touch together produce the flavour of food.
selective attention allows us to focus on….
Selective attention allows us to focus on some sensory experiences while tuning out others.
sensory adaptation occurs when we become less sensitive to…
Sensory adaptation occurs when we become less sensitive to some aspects of our environment, freeing us to focus on more important changes.
perceptual constancy allows us to perceive…..
Perceptual constancy allows us to perceive an object as the same, despite changes in sensation.
cognitive illusions are examples of how….
Cognitive illusions are examples of how our expectations can influence our perceptions.
dichotic listening
Dichotic listening - An experimental task in which two messages are presented to different ears.
Dichotic listening - A task in which different audio streams are presented to each ear. Typically, people are asked to monitor one stream while ignoring the other.
divided attention
Divided attention - The ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks.
inattentional blindness
Inattentional blindness - The failure to notice a fully visible object when attention is devoted to something else.
Inattentional blindness - The failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected, object or event when attention is devoted to something else.
limited capacity
Limited capacity - The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time.`
selective attention
Selective attention - The ability to select certain stimuli in the environment to process, while ignoring distracting information.
shadowing
Shadowing - A task in which the individual is asked to repeat an auditory message as it is presented.
subliminal perception
Subliminal perception - The ability to process information for meaning when the individual is not consciously aware of that information.
attention
attention - the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.
focalization
Focalization, concentration of consciousness
spatial attention refers to
Spatial attention refers specifically to how we focus on one part of our environment and how we move attention to other locations in the environment.
inattention deafness
Inattentional deafness - The auditory analog of inattentional blindness. People fail to notice an unexpected sound or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene.
selective listening
Selective listening - A method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of information while deliberately ignoring other auditory information.
memory refers to the ability to….
Memory refers to the ability to store and retrieve information over time.
explicit memory
Explicit memory refers to experiences that can be intentionally and consciously remembered, and it is measured using recall, recognition, and relearning. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memories.
Explicit memory - Knowledge or experiences that can be consciously remembered
implicit memory
Implicit memory refers to the influence of experience on behaviour, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. The three types of implicit memory are procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.
Implicit memory - A type of long-term memory that does not require conscious thought to encode. It’s the type of memory one makes without intent.
information processing stages
Information processing begins in sensory memory, moves to short-term memory, and eventually moves to long-term memory.
Maintenance rehearsal and chunking are used to keep information in short-term memory.
The capacity of long-term memory is large, and there is no known limit to what we can remember.
central executive
Central executive - The part of working memory that directs attention and processing
chunking
Chunking - The process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM
classical conditioning effects
Classical conditioning effects - We learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimuli (such as a sound or a light) with another stimulus (such as food), which creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation
echoic memory
Echoic memory - Auditory sensory memory
eidetic imagery
Eidetic imagery - When people can report details of an image over long periods of time (also known as photographic memory)
episodic memory
Episodic memory - The ability to learn and retrieve new information or episodes in one’s life.
iconic memory
Iconic memory - Visual sensory memory
long term memory
Long-term memory - Storage of information over an extended period
maintenance rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal - The process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory.
memory stages
Memory stages - Sensory, short-term, and long-term
priming
Priming - The activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act upon
procedural memory
Procedural memory - Our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things
recall memory
Recall memory - A measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered
recognition memory test
Recognition memory test - A measure of explicit memory that involves determining whether information has been seen or learned before
relearning
Relearning - Assesses how much more quickly information is processed or learned when it is studied again after it has already been learned but then forgotten
semantic memory
Semantic memory - The more or less permanent store of knowledge that people have.
facts and general knowledge
sensory memory
Sensory memory - The brief storage of sensory information
short term memory
Short-term memory (STM) - The place where small amounts of information can be temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute
You can keep 7 +/- 2 things in your short term memory. This is why Matt can’t remember bitch #10’s name.
working memory
Working memory - The form of memory we use to hold onto information temporarily, usually for the purposes of manipulation.
