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HAP > WEEK 2 (PART 5) > Flashcards

WEEK 2 (PART 5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of skin?

A

Thick skin and thin skin

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2
Q

Where is thick skin found?

A

Palms of hands and feet

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3
Q

Why is thick skin thicker?

A

Friction forces due to walking and gripping

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4
Q

What is a special feature of fingertips?

A

Parallel groves for gripping and sensation

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5
Q

Where is thin skin found?

A

Arms, legs, face, and trunk

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6
Q

Does thin skin have hair?

A

Yes, variable amount of hair

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7
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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8
Q

Which layer is closest to the outside?

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

What’s the layer below the epidermis called?

A

Dermis

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10
Q

What’s the layer below the dermis called?

A

Hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer)

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11
Q

What connects the epidermis and dermis?

A

Dermal-epidermal junction

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12
Q

What finger-like projections are part of the dermal-epidermal junction?

A

Dermal papillae

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13
Q

What structure connects the epidermis and dermis within the dermal-epidermal junction?

A

Basement membrane

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14
Q

How many layers does the epidermis have?

A

5 layers

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15
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis (from innermost to outermost)?

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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16
Q

Where are the most undifferentiated keratinocytes found?

A

Deeper layers of the epidermis

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17
Q

Where are the most differentiated keratinocytes found?

A

Layers closer to the surface of the skin

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18
Q

Does the outermost layer (stratum corneum) contain cells?

A

No

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19
Q

What is another name for the Stratum basale?

A

Basal layer

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20
Q

How many layers of cells does the Stratum basale have?

A

Single layer

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21
Q

What kind of epithelial cells are found in the Stratum basale?

A

Cuboidal or columnar

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22
Q

How do the Stratum basale cells connect to the basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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23
Q

What can happen if diseases affect hemidesmosomes?

A

Skin disorders with blisters

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24
Q

How do the Stratum basale cells connect to each other?

A

Desmosomes

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25
Q

What is special about the Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)?

A

Contains epidermal stem cells for skin regeneration

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26
Q

How do these stem cells help regenerate skin?

A

Differentiate into keratinocytes

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27
Q

What protein do keratinocytes make?

A

Keratin

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28
Q

How many layers does the Stratum spinosum have?

A

8-10 layers

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29
Q

Where does keratin production begin in the epidermis?

A

Stratum granulosum

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30
Q

What happens to keratinocytes in the Stratum granulosum?

A

Undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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31
Q

What is special about the Stratum lucidum?

A

Thin, clear layer found only in thick skin

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32
Q

What do Stratum lucidum cells contain?

A

Keratinocytes with little to no nucleus and eleidin

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33
Q

What is eleidin used for?

A

Building block of keratin

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34
Q

What is the main component of Stratum corneum?

A

Keratin

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35
Q

What does keratin in the Stratum corneum do?

A

Forms a waterproof, tough, and durable barrier

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36
Q

What can happen if the Stratum corneum is damaged?

A

Compromised immune barrier to microorganisms

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37
Q

Which layer of skin has the thickest Stratum corneum?

A

Thick skin

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38
Q

What other cell types are found in the epidermis besides keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells

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39
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

Melanin (skin pigment)

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40
Q

What does melanin protect against?

A

UV radiation

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41
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

Act as antigen-presenting immune cells

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42
Q

What do Langerhans cells survey the epidermis for?

A

Invading microorganisms and foreign materials (antigens)

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43
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

Respond to light touch sensations

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44
Q

Where are Merkel cells mostly located?

A

Stratum basale

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45
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

Highly vascularized connective tissue

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46
Q

How many sublayers does the dermis have?

A

Two

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47
Q

What are the two sublayers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer

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48
Q

What is special about the papillary layer?

A

Contains dermal papillae

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49
Q

What type of connective tissue is in the papillary layer?

A

Strong connective tissue with collagen fibers

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50
Q

What cells are found in the papillary layer?

A

Fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells

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51
Q

What is the main type of collagen in the reticular layer?

A

Type I collagen

52
Q

What else is found in the reticular layer?

A

Network of elastic fibers

53
Q

What does the elastic fiber network do?

A

Provides skin with elasticity

54
Q

What other structures are found in the dermis?

A

Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, smooth and skeletal muscle fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and sensory receptors

55
Q

What are some functions of the structures in the dermis?

A

Sensory function, regulating fluid balance and body temperature, facial expressions, erection of nipples

56
Q

What is the hypodermis mainly composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

57
Q

What other cells and structures are found in the hypodermis?

A

Macrophages, fibroblasts, nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics

58
Q

What affects the thickness of the hypodermis?

A

Person’s weight status

59
Q

What is one function of the hypodermis?

A

Facilitates skin movement over muscles

60
Q

What is hair made of?

A

Keratin

61
Q

What part of the hair grows from the hair follicle?

A

Hair shaft

62
Q

What is the visible part of the hair called?

A

Hair shaft

63
Q

What is the part of the hair in the skin called?

A

Hair root

64
Q

Where does new hair form in the hair follicle?

A

Hair bulb

65
Q

What are the three layers of the hair strand (from innermost to outermost)?

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

66
Q

What is the hair follicle made of?

A

Epithelial cells

67
Q

How are the epithelial cells in the hair follicle organized?

A

External and internal dermal root sheaths

68
Q

Where do new hair cells form?

A

Germinal matrix

69
Q

What supplies nutrients and oxygen to the hair?

A

Blood capillaries in the hair papilla

70
Q

What is the first hair called?

A

Lanugo

71
Q

When does lanugo appear?

A

Around 6th month of pregnancy

72
Q

Is lanugo present in full-term babies?

A

No, typically shed before birth

73
Q

What replaces lanugo?

A

Vellus hair

74
Q

When does vellus hair appear?

A

Around 33-36 weeks of gestation

75
Q

What replaces vellus hair after birth?

A

Terminal hair

76
Q

What is the difference between vellus hair and terminal hair?

A

Vellus hair is fine and soft, terminal hair is coarse and pigmented

77
Q

When do pubic and axillary hair develop?

A

During puberty

78
Q

In males, what other hair develops during puberty?

A

Chest hair, hair on extremities, and beard

79
Q

What determines hair color?

A

Amount, type, and distribution of melanin

80
Q

What causes gray hair?

A

Light refraction through a translucent hair shaft

81
Q

What muscle is associated with the hair follicle?

A

Arrector pili muscle

82
Q

What does the arrector pili muscle do?

A

Controls hair movement upward (goosebumps)

83
Q

Is there another function of the arrector pili muscle?

A

Yes, it helps regulate core body temperature (explained later)

84
Q

What is the function of nails?

A

Protect the nail bed from trauma

85
Q

Where do nails grow from?

A

Matrix at the base of the nail bed

86
Q

What layer of the epidermis gives rise to new nail cells?

A

Stratum basale

87
Q

Why does the nail bed appear pink?

A

Highly vascularized (rich in blood vessels)

88
Q

What is the function of sweat glands?

A

Produce sweat (perspiration)

89
Q

What is sweat made of?

A

Water, salts (sodium chloride), and other minor components

90
Q

What type of gland are sweat glands?

A

Exocrine gland

91
Q

How many types of sweat glands are there?

A

Two: eccrine and apocrine

92
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands found?

A

Throughout the body

93
Q

What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?

A

Regulate body temperature through sweat evaporation

94
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Axilla, genital area, face, and scalp

95
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Various products (not involved in thermoregulation)

96
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Produce sebum to protect hair

97
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

In the vicinity of hair follicles

98
Q

What is the normal homeostatic temperature range?

A

36.2° to 37.7° C

99
Q

What factors can cause variations in homeostatic temperature?

A

Exercise, environmental temperature, and circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle)

100
Q

How is body temperature controlled?

A

Thermoregulation, a process involving the skin, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system, and endocrine system

101
Q

How does the body sense temperature changes?

A

Thermoreceptors in skin, organs, and spinal cord

102
Q

What does the hypothalamus do with temperature information?

A

Activates responses for heat production, conservation, or loss

103
Q

What happens during hypothermia (low body temperature)?

A

Heat production mechanisms are activated

104
Q

How does the body increase heat production?

A

Through a series of hormonal interactions involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands

105
Q

What are some effects of thermoregulatory hormones?

A

Increased cellular metabolism, vasoconstriction, stimulated breakdown of glucose, shivering

106
Q

How does sweating affect heat loss during hypothermia?

A

Sweat production is reduced to conserve heat

107
Q

What happens during heat conservation?

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction, and increased muscle tone are stimulated

108
Q

How does the body become aware of feeling cold?

A

Communication between hypothalamus and cerebral cortex

109
Q

How does the body lose heat?

A

Vasodilation, sweating (evaporation)

110
Q

What happens when body temperature reaches homeostasis?

A

Thermoregulation mechanisms are turned off

111
Q

How is thermoregulation a negative feedback loop?

A

The response works to reverse the initial temperature change

112
Q

How are burns classified?

A

By severity and depth of injury

113
Q

What are the four classifications of burns based on depth?

A

Superficial (first-degree), partial-thickness (second-degree), full-thickness (third-degree), and fourth-degree

114
Q

What layer of skin is affected in a first-degree burn?

A

Superficial epidermis

115
Q

Symptoms of a first-degree burn?

A

Redness (erythema), pain, mild swelling

116
Q

How deep does a second-degree burn reach?

A

Epidermis and superficial dermis

117
Q

Symptoms of a second-degree burn?

A

Blisters, swelling, pain

118
Q

What is NOT damaged in a second-degree burn?

A

Hair follicles and glands in the dermis

119
Q

What does a third-degree burn involve?

A

Entire thickness of the skin

120
Q

What are the possible consequences of a third-degree burn?

A

Loss of function, deformity (contracture) due to scar formation

121
Q

What happens to skin as we age?

A

It becomes thinner, paler, and more translucent

122
Q

What are some external factors that accelerate skin aging?

A

Excessive sun exposure, cigarette smoking, poor health, and environmental toxins

123
Q

What are some intrinsic factors that contribute to skin aging?

A

Genetic changes, loss of skin elasticity, and decreased cell division

124
Q

What are some consequences of changes in skin homeostasis?

A

Wrinkles, hair loss, blisters, rashes, skin cancers, and immune disorders

125
Q

How can we prevent or delay skin aging?

A

Reduce exposure to harmful factors

HAP (12 decks)

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