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HAP > REPRODUCTIVE (PART 2) > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE (PART 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major layers of tissue in the ovary?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

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2
Q

What covers the outer cortex of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium

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3
Q

What tough connective tissue layer covers the ovarian cortex?

A

Tunica albuginea

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4
Q

What are the saclike structures within the ovary called?

A

Ovarian follicles

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5
Q

What is a mature ovum in its sac known as?

A

Graffian follicle

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6
Q

What structure forms after ovulation and releases hormones to support potential pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

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7
Q

How many ovarian follicles are available to a female, and how many are typically used over her lifespan?

A

Approximately 400,000 ovarian follicles available, but only about 400 are typically used over her lifespan

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8
Q

What process produces ova, the female sex cells?

A

Oogenesis

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9
Q

During which developmental period do oogonia undergo mitotic division to form primary oocytes.

A

Foetal period

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10
Q

What is the specialised cell division process required for oogenesis?

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

How many meiotic divisions occur during the developmental stages of oogenesis?

A

Two meiotic divisions

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11
Q

How many eggs (oocytes) does a female have within her ovaries when she is born?

A

About one to two million eggs

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12
Q

How many eggs typically remain by puberty?

A

About 300,000 eggs

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13
Q

What surrounds each egg within the ovary?

A

An ovarian follicle

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14
Q

What specialised cells nourish the egg within the ovarian follicle

A

Granulosa cells

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15
Q

How many follicles typically mature for their eggs to undergo meiosis and be released during a female’s fertile life?

A

About 400 to 500 follicles

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16
Q

What are the smaller daughter cells produced during meiosis in females?

A

Polar bodies

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17
Q

What role does the excess cytoplasm of the ovum play?

A

It provides nutrients for the development of the embryo and implantation in the uterus

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18
Q

What hormones regulate the cyclic changes of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)

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19
Q

What signals the onset of puberty in females?

A

Increase in GnRH release from the hypothalamus and subsequent secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

What hormones stimulate the ovarian production of oestrogens and progestins?

A

FSH and LH

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20
Q

What is the major oestrogen produced during puberty?

A

Oestradiol

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21
Q

What are the functions of oestrogen during puberty?

A

Development of secondary sex characteristics, breast growth, increased fatty deposition, growth and maturation of reproductive organs, enlargement of external genitalia, and increase in bone density

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22
Q

What are the main functions of progesterone during puberty?

A

Preparation of breasts for lactation and preparation of the uterine lining (endometrium) in the second half of the menstrual cycle

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22
What is the cessation of the menstrual cycle called, typically occurring between ages 45 and 60?
Menopause
23
What causes the growth of pubic and underarm hair during puberty?
Normal increase in androgen secretion
24
What is the onset of menstruation called?
Menarche
25
At what age does menarche typically occur?
Between eleven to fifteen years
26
What are some common symptoms of menopause?
Cessation of menstrual cycles, hot flashes, and thinning of the vaginal wall
27
What hormone therapy might be used to relieve menopause symptoms?
Oestrogen therapy
28
What are the two other names for the uterine tubes?
Fallopian tubes or oviducts
29
What are the three layers composing the walls of the uterus?
Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium
30
What are the three layers of the endometrium?
Compact layer, spongy layer (or functional layer) and basal layer
31
What is the typical thickness range of endometrium throughout the endometrial cycle?
From 0.5 mm just after menstrual flow to about 5 mm near the end of the cycle
32
What happens to the compact and spongy layers of the endometrium during menstruation and after childbirth?
They slough off
33
What is the function of cervical mucus during the female reproductive cycle?
Acts as a barrier to sperm most of the time, but becomes more slippery around ovulation to facilitate sperm movement
34
What is the main component of the middle layer of the uterine wall?
Myometrium, which consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibres
35
Where is the myometrium thickest and thinnest?
Thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix
36
What is the external layer of the uterine wall called?
Perimetrium
37
What are the other names for Bartholin’s glands?
Greater vestibular glands
38
What arteries supply blood to the uterus?
Uterine arteries, branches of internal iliac arteries
39
What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?
They secrete a mucus precoital lubricating fluid to moisten the vestibule and vagina
40
What is the clinical significance of the incomplete serous covering of the uterus?
It allows operations on the uterus with reduced risk of infection compared to procedures involving cutting through the peritoneum
41
What glands are considered analogous to the male bulbourethral glands?
Bartholin’s glands
42
Where do Skene’s glands open into?
They open into the vestibule near the urinary meatus
43
What is the function of Skene’s glands?
They secrete mucus Homologous with the male prostate
44
What structures within the breasts contain milk-secreting cells?
Lobules, which contain alveolar glands or alveoli arranged in clusters
44
What are breasts composed primarily of?
Fat tissue
45
Where are lymph nodes found in relation to the breasts?
Under the arm (axillary nodes), above the collarbone, in the chest (the internal mammary chain), and in many other parts of the body
46
What is the erectile tissue analogous to the male penis?
Clitoris
47
What procedure is performed during childbirth to prevent tearing of tissue and provide a larger area for delivery?
Episiotomy
48
What phases is the typical uterine menstrual cycle divided into?
Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation and secretory phase
48
What is responsible for the menses and changes in the uterus?
Changes in oestrogen and progesterone levels during the cycle
49
What occurs during each cycle?
The ovulation of a single egg and he preparation of the endometrium for the reception of a fertilised egg
50
What are the two main phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase (first half) and luteal phase (second half)
51
What are the five major hormonal components of the menstrual cycle?
Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus -> secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland -> secretion of oestradiol and progesterone by the ovaries and their follicles -> development of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and the formation and demise of the corpus luteum -> proliferation, maturation and shedding of the endometrium
52
How does progesterone stabilise the endometrium?
Promotes clotting and discourages breakdown of these clots
52
What happens to the endometrium during the proliferative stage?
Oestradiol triggers the growth of new cells, blood vessels and glands in the endometrium
53
What triggers the secretory phase?
Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum
54
What happens in the absence of fertilisation?
Degeneration of the corpus luteum leads to the cessation of progesterone and oestradiol secretion -> the endometrium rapidly involutes and he blood vessels within it constrict and breakdown
55
When does oogenesis reach completion during embryonic development?
By the fifth month of gestation

HAP (12 decks)

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