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HAP > REPRODUCTIVE (PART 2) > Flashcards

REPRODUCTIVE (PART 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major layers of tissue in the ovary?

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

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2
Q

What covers the outer cortex of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium

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3
Q

What tough connective tissue layer covers the ovarian cortex?

A

Tunica albuginea

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4
Q

What are the saclike structures within the ovary called?

A

Ovarian follicles

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5
Q

What is a mature ovum in its sac known as?

A

Graffian follicle

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6
Q

What structure forms after ovulation and releases hormones to support potential pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

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7
Q

How many ovarian follicles are available to a female, and how many are typically used over her lifespan?

A

Approximately 400,000 ovarian follicles available, but only about 400 are typically used over her lifespan

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8
Q

What process produces ova, the female sex cells?

A

Oogenesis

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9
Q

During which developmental period do oogonia undergo mitotic division to form primary oocytes.

A

Foetal period

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10
Q

What is the specialised cell division process required for oogenesis?

A

Meiosis

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10
Q

How many meiotic divisions occur during the developmental stages of oogenesis?

A

Two meiotic divisions

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11
Q

How many eggs (oocytes) does a female have within her ovaries when she is born?

A

About one to two million eggs

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12
Q

How many eggs typically remain by puberty?

A

About 300,000 eggs

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13
Q

What surrounds each egg within the ovary?

A

An ovarian follicle

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14
Q

What specialised cells nourish the egg within the ovarian follicle

A

Granulosa cells

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15
Q

How many follicles typically mature for their eggs to undergo meiosis and be released during a female’s fertile life?

A

About 400 to 500 follicles

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16
Q

What are the smaller daughter cells produced during meiosis in females?

A

Polar bodies

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17
Q

What role does the excess cytoplasm of the ovum play?

A

It provides nutrients for the development of the embryo and implantation in the uterus

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18
Q

What hormones regulate the cyclic changes of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)

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19
Q

What signals the onset of puberty in females?

A

Increase in GnRH release from the hypothalamus and subsequent secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland

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19
Q

What hormones stimulate the ovarian production of oestrogens and progestins?

A

FSH and LH

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20
Q

What is the major oestrogen produced during puberty?

A

Oestradiol

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21
Q

What are the functions of oestrogen during puberty?

A

Development of secondary sex characteristics, breast growth, increased fatty deposition, growth and maturation of reproductive organs, enlargement of external genitalia, and increase in bone density

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22
Q

What are the main functions of progesterone during puberty?

A

Preparation of breasts for lactation and preparation of the uterine lining (endometrium) in the second half of the menstrual cycle

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22
Q

What is the cessation of the menstrual cycle called, typically occurring between ages 45 and 60?

A

Menopause

23
Q

What causes the growth of pubic and underarm hair during puberty?

A

Normal increase in androgen secretion

24
Q

What is the onset of menstruation called?

A

Menarche

25
Q

At what age does menarche typically occur?

A

Between eleven to fifteen years

26
Q

What are some common symptoms of menopause?

A

Cessation of menstrual cycles, hot flashes, and thinning of the vaginal wall

27
Q

What hormone therapy might be used to relieve menopause symptoms?

A

Oestrogen therapy

28
Q

What are the two other names for the uterine tubes?

A

Fallopian tubes or oviducts

29
Q

What are the three layers composing the walls of the uterus?

A

Endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium

30
Q

What are the three layers of the endometrium?

A

Compact layer, spongy layer (or functional layer) and basal layer

31
Q

What is the typical thickness range of endometrium throughout the endometrial cycle?

A

From 0.5 mm just after menstrual flow to about 5 mm near the end of the cycle

32
Q

What happens to the compact and spongy layers of the endometrium during menstruation and after childbirth?

A

They slough off

33
Q

What is the function of cervical mucus during the female reproductive cycle?

A

Acts as a barrier to sperm most of the time, but becomes more slippery around ovulation to facilitate sperm movement

34
Q

What is the main component of the middle layer of the uterine wall?

A

Myometrium, which consists of three layers of smooth muscle fibres

35
Q

Where is the myometrium thickest and thinnest?

A

Thickest in the fundus and thinnest in the cervix

36
Q

What is the external layer of the uterine wall called?

A

Perimetrium

37
Q

What are the other names for Bartholin’s glands?

A

Greater vestibular glands

38
Q

What arteries supply blood to the uterus?

A

Uterine arteries, branches of internal iliac arteries

39
Q

What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?

A

They secrete a mucus precoital lubricating fluid to moisten the vestibule and vagina

40
Q

What is the clinical significance of the incomplete serous covering of the uterus?

A

It allows operations on the uterus with reduced risk of infection compared to procedures involving cutting through the peritoneum

41
Q

What glands are considered analogous to the male bulbourethral glands?

A

Bartholin’s glands

42
Q

Where do Skene’s glands open into?

A

They open into the vestibule near the urinary meatus

43
Q

What is the function of Skene’s glands?

A

They secrete mucus
Homologous with the male prostate

44
Q

What structures within the breasts contain milk-secreting cells?

A

Lobules, which contain alveolar glands or alveoli arranged in clusters

44
Q

What are breasts composed primarily of?

A

Fat tissue

45
Q

Where are lymph nodes found in relation to the breasts?

A

Under the arm (axillary nodes), above the collarbone, in the chest (the internal mammary chain), and in many other parts of the body

46
Q

What is the erectile tissue analogous to the male penis?

A

Clitoris

47
Q

What procedure is performed during childbirth to prevent tearing of tissue and provide a larger area for delivery?

A

Episiotomy

48
Q

What phases is the typical uterine menstrual cycle divided into?

A

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation and secretory phase

48
Q

What is responsible for the menses and changes in the uterus?

A

Changes in oestrogen and progesterone levels during the cycle

49
Q

What occurs during each cycle?

A

The ovulation of a single egg and he preparation of the endometrium for the reception of a fertilised egg

50
Q

What are the two main phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase (first half) and luteal phase (second half)

51
Q

What are the five major hormonal components of the menstrual cycle?

A

Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus -> secretion of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland -> secretion of oestradiol and progesterone by the ovaries and their follicles -> development of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and the formation and demise of the corpus luteum -> proliferation, maturation and shedding of the endometrium

52
Q

How does progesterone stabilise the endometrium?

A

Promotes clotting and discourages breakdown of these clots

52
Q

What happens to the endometrium during the proliferative stage?

A

Oestradiol triggers the growth of new cells, blood vessels and glands in the endometrium

53
Q

What triggers the secretory phase?

A

Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum

54
Q

What happens in the absence of fertilisation?

A

Degeneration of the corpus luteum leads to the cessation of progesterone and oestradiol secretion -> the endometrium rapidly involutes and he blood vessels within it constrict and breakdown

55
Q

When does oogenesis reach completion during embryonic development?

A

By the fifth month of gestation

HAP (12 decks)

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