WEEK 2 (PART 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to plasma as blood flows through capillaries?

A

Filters into interstitial spaces.

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2
Q

Where does most interstitial fluid eventually drain?

A

Lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

What would happen without a lymphatic system?

A

Excess interstitial fluid buildup causing tissue edema and destruction.

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4
Q

Describe the lymphatic system.

A

Unidirectional closed circulatory system that moves fluid from tissues to blood.

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5
Q

What is the fluid called once it enters the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph

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6
Q

What is the structure of a lymphatic capillary?

A

Single layer of flattened endothelial cells with special junctions for fluid uptake.

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7
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries attached to surrounding tissues?

A

Connective tissue filaments.

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8
Q

What happens to lymphatic capillaries?

A

Coalesce into larger lymphatic vessels (veins).

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9
Q

Where does lymph travel after the vessels?

A

Lymph nodes for filtering and immune system inspection.

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10
Q

How do lymphatic vessels generally travel in relation to veins?

A

Parallel to venous return.

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11
Q

What facilitates unidirectional lymph flow?

A

One-way valves present in lymphatic veins (not capillaries).

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12
Q

Why is maintaining plasma protein concentration difficult with lymph loss?

A

Dietary intake cannot compensate for significant ongoing lymph loss.

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13
Q

How do lymphatic vessels form progressively larger structures?

A

Lymphatic capillaries merge into larger lymphatics, then into even larger vessels.

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14
Q

What are the main lymphatic trunks?

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.

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15
Q

Where does most of the body’s lymph drain?

A

Thoracic duct (drains into left subclavian vein).

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16
Q

Where does lymph from the upper right quadrant drain?

A

Right lymphatic duct (drains into right subclavian vein).

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17
Q

Is the structure of the right lymphatic duct consistent?

A

No, variations exist (e.g., three separate ducts instead of one).

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18
Q

How does the unique structure of lymphatic vessels allow for fluid and cells to enter?

A

Special junctions between endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries.

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19
Q

What else enters lymphatic capillaries besides fluid?

A

Antigen-presenting cells and small antigen molecules.

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20
Q

What is the role of lymph flow through lymphatic capillaries?

A

Delivers lymph contents (including antigens) to lymph nodes.

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21
Q

What is the general shape of a lymph node?

A

Small, bean-like structure.

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22
Q

How does lymph enter and leave a lymph node?

A
  • Enters via afferent lymphatic ducts. * Exits via efferent lymphatic ducts.
23
Q

What maintains the structure of a lymph node?

A

Outer fibrous capsule.

24
Q

Where do efferent lymphatic vessels leave the node?

A

Hilum (concave area).

25
How does lymph move through a lymph node?
* Seeps through specialized spaces called sinuses. * Drains into the efferent vessel.
26
What ensures one-way lymph flow through lymph nodes?
Tissue valves in afferent and efferent vessels.
27
What is visible inside a lymph node (cut open)?
* Fibrous septa (trabeculae) extending from the capsule inwards. * Cortical nodules with a less dense germinal center.
28
What cell types are found in cortical nodules?
Many subtypes of lymphocytes.
29
What happens to lymph nodes during an infection?
* Germinal centers form. * Increased lymphocyte production and release.
30
Where do B cells mature in a lymph node?
Germinal centers of cortical nodules.
31
What do mature B cells become?
Antibody-producing plasma cells.
32
What is the function of the medulla in a lymph node?
Contains sinuses and medullary cords for further filtration and immune cell activity.
33
What do the sinuses and medullary cords contain?
Reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) capable of phagocytosis.
34
Do lymph nodes exist singly or in clusters?
Both singly and in clusters.
35
Preauricular lymph nodes
In front of the ear.
36
Submental and submandibular groups
Floor of the mouth.
37
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Along the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck.
38
Axillary lymph nodes
Underarm and upper chest regions.
39
Iliac and inguinal lymph nodes
Pelvis and groin.
40
How does lymph node structure aid phagocytosis?
Sinus channels slow lymph flow, allowing more time for phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells.
41
What are the consequences of excessive microorganisms entering lymph nodes?
Overwhelms phagocytes, leading to lymph node infection (adenitis).
42
What are lacteals?
Specialized lymphatic capillaries in intestinal villi that absorb fats and nutrients.
43
What is the milky fluid transported by lacteals called after digestion?
Chyle
44
What does chyle contain?
Absorbed lipids (fats).
45
Where are lipids transported from chyle sent?
To the liver for processing and redistribution.
46
What is the final destination of the processed lipids?
Systemic circulation and storage sites like adipose tissue.
47
How can cancer spread?
Through blood vessels or the lymphatic system.
48
How can cancer cells enter the lymphatic system?
Break away from the tumor and enter lymphatic vessels.
49
What can happen when cancer cells reach lymph nodes?
* Form new tumors. * Block lymph flow.
50
What is a consequence of blocked lymph flow?
Fluid buildup and swelling in the affected area (e.g., arm swelling).
51
How does the structure of lymphatic capillaries facilitate cancer cell migration?
Unique overlapping structure allows for easy entry.
52
Examples of cancers that spread through lymphatics:
* Breast cancer * Gynecological cancers
53
What is secondary lymphoedema?
Swelling caused by blocked lymph flow due to cancer treatment (e.g., mastectomy).