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HAP > WEEK 2 (PART 3) > Flashcards

WEEK 2 (PART 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to plasma as blood flows through capillaries?

A

Filters into interstitial spaces.

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2
Q

Where does most interstitial fluid eventually drain?

A

Lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

What would happen without a lymphatic system?

A

Excess interstitial fluid buildup causing tissue edema and destruction.

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4
Q

Describe the lymphatic system.

A

Unidirectional closed circulatory system that moves fluid from tissues to blood.

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5
Q

What is the fluid called once it enters the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph

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6
Q

What is the structure of a lymphatic capillary?

A

Single layer of flattened endothelial cells with special junctions for fluid uptake.

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7
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries attached to surrounding tissues?

A

Connective tissue filaments.

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8
Q

What happens to lymphatic capillaries?

A

Coalesce into larger lymphatic vessels (veins).

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9
Q

Where does lymph travel after the vessels?

A

Lymph nodes for filtering and immune system inspection.

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10
Q

How do lymphatic vessels generally travel in relation to veins?

A

Parallel to venous return.

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11
Q

What facilitates unidirectional lymph flow?

A

One-way valves present in lymphatic veins (not capillaries).

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12
Q

Why is maintaining plasma protein concentration difficult with lymph loss?

A

Dietary intake cannot compensate for significant ongoing lymph loss.

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13
Q

How do lymphatic vessels form progressively larger structures?

A

Lymphatic capillaries merge into larger lymphatics, then into even larger vessels.

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14
Q

What are the main lymphatic trunks?

A

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.

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15
Q

Where does most of the body’s lymph drain?

A

Thoracic duct (drains into left subclavian vein).

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16
Q

Where does lymph from the upper right quadrant drain?

A

Right lymphatic duct (drains into right subclavian vein).

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17
Q

Is the structure of the right lymphatic duct consistent?

A

No, variations exist (e.g., three separate ducts instead of one).

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18
Q

How does the unique structure of lymphatic vessels allow for fluid and cells to enter?

A

Special junctions between endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries.

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19
Q

What else enters lymphatic capillaries besides fluid?

A

Antigen-presenting cells and small antigen molecules.

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20
Q

What is the role of lymph flow through lymphatic capillaries?

A

Delivers lymph contents (including antigens) to lymph nodes.

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21
Q

What is the general shape of a lymph node?

A

Small, bean-like structure.

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22
Q

How does lymph enter and leave a lymph node?

A
  • Enters via afferent lymphatic ducts. * Exits via efferent lymphatic ducts.
23
Q

What maintains the structure of a lymph node?

A

Outer fibrous capsule.

24
Q

Where do efferent lymphatic vessels leave the node?

A

Hilum (concave area).

25
Q

How does lymph move through a lymph node?

A
  • Seeps through specialized spaces called sinuses. * Drains into the efferent vessel.
26
Q

What ensures one-way lymph flow through lymph nodes?

A

Tissue valves in afferent and efferent vessels.

27
Q

What is visible inside a lymph node (cut open)?

A
  • Fibrous septa (trabeculae) extending from the capsule inwards. * Cortical nodules with a less dense germinal center.
28
Q

What cell types are found in cortical nodules?

A

Many subtypes of lymphocytes.

29
Q

What happens to lymph nodes during an infection?

A
  • Germinal centers form. * Increased lymphocyte production and release.
30
Q

Where do B cells mature in a lymph node?

A

Germinal centers of cortical nodules.

31
Q

What do mature B cells become?

A

Antibody-producing plasma cells.

32
Q

What is the function of the medulla in a lymph node?

A

Contains sinuses and medullary cords for further filtration and immune cell activity.

33
Q

What do the sinuses and medullary cords contain?

A

Reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) capable of phagocytosis.

34
Q

Do lymph nodes exist singly or in clusters?

A

Both singly and in clusters.

35
Q

Preauricular lymph nodes

A

In front of the ear.

36
Q

Submental and submandibular groups

A

Floor of the mouth.

37
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

A

Along the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck.

38
Q

Axillary lymph nodes

A

Underarm and upper chest regions.

39
Q

Iliac and inguinal lymph nodes

A

Pelvis and groin.

40
Q

How does lymph node structure aid phagocytosis?

A

Sinus channels slow lymph flow, allowing more time for phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells.

41
Q

What are the consequences of excessive microorganisms entering lymph nodes?

A

Overwhelms phagocytes, leading to lymph node infection (adenitis).

42
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Specialized lymphatic capillaries in intestinal villi that absorb fats and nutrients.

43
Q

What is the milky fluid transported by lacteals called after digestion?

A

Chyle

44
Q

What does chyle contain?

A

Absorbed lipids (fats).

45
Q

Where are lipids transported from chyle sent?

A

To the liver for processing and redistribution.

46
Q

What is the final destination of the processed lipids?

A

Systemic circulation and storage sites like adipose tissue.

47
Q

How can cancer spread?

A

Through blood vessels or the lymphatic system.

48
Q

How can cancer cells enter the lymphatic system?

A

Break away from the tumor and enter lymphatic vessels.

49
Q

What can happen when cancer cells reach lymph nodes?

A
  • Form new tumors. * Block lymph flow.
50
Q

What is a consequence of blocked lymph flow?

A

Fluid buildup and swelling in the affected area (e.g., arm swelling).

51
Q

How does the structure of lymphatic capillaries facilitate cancer cell migration?

A

Unique overlapping structure allows for easy entry.

52
Q

Examples of cancers that spread through lymphatics:

A
  • Breast cancer * Gynecological cancers
53
Q

What is secondary lymphoedema?

A

Swelling caused by blocked lymph flow due to cancer treatment (e.g., mastectomy).

HAP (12 decks)

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