Week 2 Part 1

Question 1

What is Biogeography

Answer 1

The study of patterns of species composition and diversity across geographic locations

Question 2

What determines community composition

Answer 2

Local scales -abiotic factors and species interacations
Broader scales- regional processes

Question 3

What is the hierachy of spatial scale

Answer 3

Global
Regional
Landscape
Local

Question 4

What is the global scale

Answer 4

THe entire world species have been isolated from one another on different continents or different oceans by long distances and over long periods

Question 5

What determines species diversity and composition

Answer 5

Speciation
Extinction
Dispersal

Question 6

What is the regional scale

Answer 6

Areas with uniform climate the species are bound by dispersal to that region
Provides the raw material for local assmeblys and sets theoretical upper limit on species diversity for communities

Question 7

What is the regional species pool

What diversity

Answer 7

All the species contained within a region (gamma diversity)

Question 8

What is landscape scale

Answer 8

Topographic and environemental feature fo a region
Species composition and diversity vary within a region depending on how the lanscape shapes rates of migration and exctions
Defined by moutanins lakes or froests

Question 9

What is local scale

Answer 9

Equlivalent to a community
Local species diversity (alpha diversity) determined by species physiology and intercation with other species

Question 10

What is beta diversity

Answer 10

Change in species numbers and composition or turnover from one community type to another conncect local and regional scales

Question 11

What are global patterns and species diversity and composition controlled by

Answer 11

Geographic area and isolation historical factors and global climate

Question 12

Who is the father for biogeography and what did he discover

Answer 12

Alfred Russel Wallace
There is a gradient of species diversity with latitude (with more species at the equator than towards the poles)

Question 13

How many biogeographic regions can earths land mass be divided into and what are they

Answer 13

6
Neartic
Neo-tropical
Ethiopian
Paleratic
Australasian
Oriental

Question 14

What were the different contient formations

Answer 14

Permian period pangaea
Cretaceous period laurassia and gondwana
Early tertiaray period

Question 15

Are north and south america similar

Answer 15

they are more different thatn you expect because of there proximity but south america and australia are more similar than youd expect

Question 16

What is vicariance

Answer 16

Evolutionary separation of species by barriers such as those formed by continental drift

Question 17

What is an example of vicariance

Answer 17

Large flightless birds had a common ancestor from Gondwana. After isolation on different continents they evolved unique characteristics but retained their large size and inability to fly. South america, africa and australia all have ratties but Laurasian continents do not

Question 18

What are global patterns of species richness controlled by

Answer 18

Speciation, extinction dispersal

Question 19

What is species diversification rate

Answer 19

The net increase or decrease of species over time

Question 20

Which latitude has many more species than

Answer 20

Lower latitudes have more species than higher latitudes

Question 21

What does the diversification time show

Answer 21

Diversify at the same rate add species at the same time they existed longer in temporal ice age there was nothing
More stable over time and have had more time to evolve

Question 22

What does the productivity or carrying capacity

Answer 22

There is more resources so higher productivity and higher maximum higher productivity leads to lower extinction rates, greater coexistence and overall higher species richness

Question 23

What is the species diversification rate

Answer 23

The tropics have many niches into which species can diversify thermally stable decrease extinction

Question 24

What can the tropics could be seen as

Answer 24

Cradle of diversity many new species are borth there but also a museum species that diversify there tend to stay there

Question 25

What could the loss of biodiversity in the tropics do

Answer 25

Cut off the supply of new species to higher latitudes in the future

Question 26

What are regional differens influnced by

Answer 26

Area and distance which determines the balance between immigration and extinctionr ate

Question 27

What is the species area relationship

Answer 27

Species richness increases with area sampled

Question 28

What is the species are curve equation

Answer 28

S =zA + c (z is slope, c= yintercept

Question 29

What does island species diversity show

Answer 29

A strong negative relationship to distance from a source of species so the closer to the mainland more species

Question 30

What is the equilibrium theory

Answer 30

Mcarthur and Wilson
States the number of species on an island depends on a balance between immigration or dispersal rates and extinction rates

Question 31

Where should the number of species on the island should fall

Answer 31

The two curves intersect between immigration and extinciton the number of species that should fit on the island regardless of the turnover