Week 2 - Nature & Nurture

Question 1

Mendel’s 1st law

Answer 1

law of segregations

alleles are carried seperately

Question 2

Mendel’s 2nd law

Answer 2

independent assortment

traits are inherited independent from each other

Question 3

X-linked disorder

Answer 3

prevalence in males much higher

but not exclusive

Question 4

polygenetic traits

Answer 4

thousand of genes
a complex trait
normally distributed
doesn’t follow Mendel’s laws

Question 5

first adoption study

Answer 5

adopted children of biological mothers with schizophrenia
10% affected as well
none of the children of normal mothers

Question 6

limitations of adoption studies

Answer 6

less adoption nowadays
non-representative samples and selective placement
prenatal environmental influence
open adoption

Question 7

difference in MZ twins

Answer 7

.8% due to mutations and recombination

Question 8

increase of twinning

Answer 8

mostly higher age of mothers

some influence by artificial fertilisation, but less so by now

Question 9

amardillo

Answer 9

always gets identical quadruplet

Question 10

rMZ

Answer 10

= MZ concordance

= A + C

Question 11

rDZ

Answer 11

= DZ concordance

= 1/2 A + C

Question 12

E

Answer 12

= unique environment

= 1 - rMZ

Question 13

C

Answer 13

= common / shared environment

= (2 * rDZ) - rMZ

Question 14

A

Answer 14

= additive genetic influence
= heritability
= (rMZ - rDZ) * 2

Question 15

adoption design formula

Answer 15

(1/2 A + C) vs C

Question 16

A in adoption designs

Answer 16

??

Question 17

influence of C

Answer 17

almost only childhood

Question 18

types of parenting styles

Answer 18

warmth
control (high C in fathers)
negativity (high A in mothers)

Question 19

passive rGE

Answer 19

passive gene environment correlation

mainly parents

Question 20

double advantage model

Answer 20

good genes

good home

Question 21

double disadvantage model

Answer 21

bad genes

bad home

Question 22

children of twin design

Answer 22

when each twin raises a family

their children share 25% of their genes

Question 23

evocative rGE

Answer 23

= reactive gene environment correlation

children evoke parenting style etc.

Question 24

active rGE

Answer 24

creation of own environment according to one’s genotype

Question 25

neuroticism in relationships

Answer 25

low negative r

Question 26

GxE

Answer 26

= gene environment interaction

susceptibility to environmental influences depends on genotype

Question 27

example for GxE in depression

Answer 27

5-HTT gene x negative life events

Question 28

vantage sensitivity model

Answer 28

sensitive to good stuff

Question 29

diathesis-stress model

Answer 29

sensitivity to bad stuff

Question 30

differential susceptibility model

Answer 30

different sensitivity to good and bad stuff

Question 31

chorion

Answer 31

the placenta

mono- vs dichorionic

Question 32

amniotic sac

Answer 32

water sac that surrounds embryo

mono- vs diamniotic

Question 33

how are MZs born

Answer 33

65% monochorionic and diamniotic

Question 34

differences twins and other siblings

Answer 34

lower weight up to middle school

slower language development