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Gene Environment Interaction > Week 1 - Introduction and Molecular Genetics > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction and Molecular Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

first research on genes

A

Galton: Hereditary Genius

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2
Q

genetic similarity between nephews

A

12.5%

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3
Q

genetic similarity between children of MZ twins

A

25%

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4
Q

genetic similarity between DZ twins

A

50%

the same as normal siblings

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5
Q

gene

A

basic unit of inheritance

we all have the same genes, but they do different stuff

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6
Q

allele

A

alternative variants of a gene

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7
Q

autosomes

A

all chromosomes except sex chromosomes

we have 22 pairs

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8
Q

gamets

A

eggs and sperm

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9
Q

meiose

A

creation of eggs and sperm cells

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10
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

dominant autosomal

children of affected parents have 50% chance

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11
Q

PKU

A

= phenylketonuria
recessive autosomal
children of affected parents have 25% chance

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12
Q

derived science

A

e. g. psychology

derived from biology etc.

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13
Q

irreversibility of genetics

A

you cannot create the parent generation from the daughter generations DNA

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14
Q

eukaryote cells

A

multi-cellular life

very organised and specialised

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15
Q

prokaryote cells

A

single-celled life

less organised

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16
Q

adenine and guanine

A

purines

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17
Q

cytosine and thymine

A

pyrimidines

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18
Q

polymer

A

very long molecule

e. g. DNA (1 meter)

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19
Q

DNA pair bonds

A

adenine - thymine

guanine - cytosine

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20
Q

sugar-phosphate

A

acidic

the backbone of double helix

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21
Q

nucleotides

A

the base pairs

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22
Q

DNA two functions

A

replication

expression

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23
Q

differences DNA and RNA

A

only DNA has two strains
uracil in RNA instead of thymine
RNA is way shorter

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24
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

goes to the protein

25
Q

translation

A

RNA -> protein

26
Q

transcription

A

DNA -> RNA

27
Q

non-coding RNA

A

transfer RNA & ribosomal RNA

28
Q

splicing

A

cutting and rejoining RNA

thereby deactivating genes

29
Q

codon

A

three nucleotides

30
Q

amino acids

A

20 kinds

make up proteins

31
Q

synonymous

A

nucleotide changed

but produces the same protein

32
Q

superstructure of DNA

A

coiled around histone
coiled in helix
packed chromosome

33
Q

number chromosomes in humans

A

22 autosomes pairs
1 sex chromosome
-> 46

34
Q

ploidy

A

haploid or diploir

35
Q

diploid

A

two chromosomes

in normal cell life

36
Q

haploid

A

one chromosome

inn gametes

37
Q

mitosis

A

normal cell division

of diploid cell

38
Q

crossing-over

A

during meiosis

random exchange between two gametes

39
Q

expression levels

A

different in every tissue

40
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

goes to the protein

41
Q

translation

A

RNA -> protein

42
Q

transcription

A

DNA -> RNA

43
Q

non-coding RNA

A

transfer RNA & ribosomal RNA

44
Q

splicing

A

cutting and rejoining RNA

thereby deactivating genes

45
Q

codon

A

three nucleotides

46
Q

amino acids

A

20 kinds

make up proteins

47
Q

synymous

A

nucleotide changed

but produces the same protein

48
Q

superstructure of DNA

A

coiled around histone
coiled in helix
packed chromosome

49
Q

number chromosomes in humans

A

22 autosomes pairs
1 sex chromosome
-> 46

50
Q

ploidy

A

haploid or diploir

51
Q

diploid

A

two chromosomes

in normal cell life

52
Q

haploid

A

one chromosome

inn gametes

53
Q

mitosis

A

normal cell division

of diploid cell

54
Q

crossing-over

A

during meiosis

random exchange between two gametes

55
Q

expression levels

A

different in every tissue

56
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equation

A

equilibrium of genotypes when there is no outside influence

57
Q

p2 in Hardy-Weinberg

A

homozygous

58
Q

q2 in Hardy-Weinberg

A

heterozygous

Gene Environment Interaction (6 decks)

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