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Geology (MINE 7041) > Week 2 Lecture: Rocks > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture: Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

List the steps in the Rock Cycle

A
  1. Compaction and Lithification creates Sedimentary Rocks
  2. Heat and Pressure creates Metamorphic Rocks
  3. More heat creates magma
  4. Cooling and crystallization creates Igneous Rocks
  5. Weathering and transportation creates sediment
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2
Q

List the three forms of Sedimentary Rocks

A
  • Clastic
  • Chemical
  • Organic and biochemical
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3
Q

What are Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?

A

Rocks formed by deposition of broken fragments of minerals and rocks

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4
Q

What are Chemical Sedimentary Rocks?

A

Rocks formed when dissolved minerals precipitate out of solution

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5
Q

What are Organic Sedimentary rocks?

A

Rocks formed by deposition of fragments and remains of plants and animals

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6
Q

What are Biochemical sedimentary Rocks?

A

Rocks formed by accumulation of shells as well as precipitation of calcium carbonate from water

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7
Q

What are the three steps in a Sedimentary Process?

A
  • Weathering/Erosion
  • Transportation
  • Lithification (Compaction, Cementation)
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8
Q

What are the two types of Weathering?

A
  • Chemical
  • Physical
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9
Q

What is Erosion and what are some examples?

A

The removal of material made by weathering

  • wave action
  • landslides
  • avalanche
  • glaciers
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10
Q

What are some examples of chemcial weathering?

A
  • oxidation
  • dissolution
  • hydrolysis
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11
Q

What are some examples of physical weathering

A
  • abrasion
  • frost wedging
  • tree roots
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12
Q

What percentage of Sedimentary Rocks are Clastic?

A

~85% (sandstone, shale, siltstone)

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13
Q

What are the four fundamental components of Clastic Sedimentary rocks?

A
  • Porosity
  • Cement
  • Matrix
  • Grains
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14
Q

What is the difference between Matrix supported and Clast supported rocks

A

rocks supported in a matrix of fine grained sediment vs. rocks supporting each other

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15
Q

How are clastic sedimentary rocks classified?

A
  • size
  • rounding or angularity
  • sphericity
  • sorting
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16
Q

What is the difference between well-sorted and poorly sorted?

A

Well sorted: same size particles
Poorly sorted: mix of small and large particles

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17
Q

What size of grain does a conglomerate need to have?

A

> 2mm

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18
Q

What is a conglomerate with angular particles called?

A

Breccia

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19
Q

List some depositional environments of sedimentary rocks

A
  • Ocean
  • Swamp
  • Fluvial (River)
  • Deltas
  • Lakes
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20
Q

What are some external features of Sedimentary Rocks?

A
  • bedding
  • ripple marks
  • mud cracks
  • fossils
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21
Q

What are the two types of contact in Sedimentary Rocks?

A
  • Gradational contact
  • Sharp contact
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22
Q

What are Metamorphic Rocks?

A

Rocks produced by transformation of sedimentary / other metamorphic rocks due to chemical or physical changes.

23
Q

What is a metamorphic rock’s parent rock called?

A

A protolith

24
Q

What are the three agents of Metamorphism?

A
  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Chemcially active fluids
25
Q

What are the grades of Metamorphic Rocks?

A
  • Low Grade
  • Intermediate Grade
  • High Grade
26
Q

What is Diagenesis?

A

The early part of the sedimentary process

27
Q

What are the two ways which define a Metamorphic rock’s grade?

A
  • Texture (structure)
  • Mineralogy (composition)
28
Q

Describe the metamorphic process shale (mudstone) takes

A
  • mudstone
  • slate
  • phyllite
  • schist
  • gneiss
29
Q

What does slaty cleavage say about the grade of a metamorphic rock?

A
  • low grade metamorphism
30
Q

What does schistosity or gneissosity say about the grade of a metamorphic rock?

A
  • high grade metamorphism
31
Q

What is contact metamorphism?

A

Metamorphism that is high temperature, low pressure

32
Q

What is dynamic Metamorphism?

A

High temperature, extreme pressure

33
Q

What is hydrotermal metamorphism?

A

Low temperature and pressure

  • important process in formation of many mineral deposits
34
Q

What are facies?

A

Metamorphic conditions (termperature and pressure)

35
Q

What are Igneous rocks?

A

Rocks solidified from molten magma

36
Q

What are the two ways in which Igneous rocks form?

A

Intrusive/Plutonic: below Earth’s surface

Extrusive/Volcanic: on Earth’s surface

37
Q

What are the two extrusive forms of Igneous eruptions?

A
  • Lava
  • Tephra (pyroclastic)
38
Q

What are the four compositions of Igneous Rocks? Describe them.

A
  • Felsic: low Mg+Fe and high silica content (typically light in colour)
  • Intermediate: in between felsic and mafic
  • Mafic: high Mg+Fe and low silica (sometimes dark in colour)
  • Ultramafic: Very high Mg+Fe
39
Q

Name an example of Felsic rock

A

Granite or Rhyolite

40
Q

Name an example of Mafic rock

A

Basalt

41
Q

How does rate of cooling affect crystal size of Igneous rocks?

A

slow cooling = some large crystals
fast cooling = small crystals
very fast cooling = no crystals

42
Q

Name an example of Ultramafic rock

A

Olivine

43
Q

List and describe the 5 textures of Igneous rocks

A
  • Glassy: no crystals
  • Aphanitic: too small to see cyrstals
  • Phaneritic: can see minerals
  • Porphyritic: crystals in matrix
  • Pegmatitic: very large crystals
44
Q

What are dykes?

A
  • sheet like igneous bodies (extensive in lateral dimension)
  • cut across other rocks
  • steeply inclined
45
Q

What are sills?

A
  • sheet like bodies
  • parallel to bedding of rocks they intrude on
  • shallow inclined
46
Q

What are plutons?

A
  • body over less than 100 sq km. Often oval in shape
47
Q

What are stocks?

A
  • small, discordant plutons
48
Q

What are batholiths?

A
  • irregular shaped bodies that occupy large areas (more than 100 sq km)
49
Q

What are the 4 forms of extrusive bodies (ways for magma to reach earth’s surface)?

A
  • Volcanoes
  • Seamounts
  • Fissures
  • Mid-ocean ridge basalts
50
Q

What are the two kinds of Volcanoes?

A
  • Shield Volcanoes
  • Stratovolcanoes
51
Q

What are fissures?

A

Cracks in land surface that allow highly fluid magma to reach surface and flow on land

52
Q

List some types of lava flows

A
  • pillow lava
  • pahoehoe lava
  • Aa lava
  • ropy lava
53
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

flows of finely suspended particles, fragments, and larger particles that, together with hot gas, rush down the side of a volcano during an eruption

Geology (MINE 7041) (18 decks)

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