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KINE 1P90 > Week 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

bone in greek is…

A

osto!

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2
Q

what are the 3 basic components of connective tissue?

A
  1. specialized cells
  2. extracellular protein fibers
  3. ground substance (fluid)
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3
Q

what 2 components make up the matrix?

A

extracellular protein fibers and ground substance (fluid)

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4
Q

what are the main functions of connective tissue

A

structural framework of the body
transports fluids
stores energy
protects organs
surrounds supports and connects other tissues
defends the body from microorganisms

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5
Q

what are the three types of connective tissue?

A

connective tic cue proper
fluid connective tissue
supporting connective tissue

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6
Q

what are fixed cells

A

stationary cells involved with local maintenance repair and energy storage

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7
Q

what are wandering cells

A

repair and defend damaged tissues

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8
Q

what are the three types of loose connective tissue?

A

areolar tissue
adipose tissue
reticular tissue

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9
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue, and where is it located?

A

provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles
located between skeletal muscles and skeletal and between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs

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10
Q

what is the function of irregular connective tissue? where is it located?

A

provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions
located in capsules of visceral organs, nerve and muscle sheaths

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11
Q

what are supportive connective tissue functions?

A

support
smooth sliding surfaces
resists compressive forces
model for future bones
intervertebral cushioning

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12
Q

what are the steps of appositional growth?

A
  1. cells in perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts
  2. chondroblasts secrete new matrix
  3. new matrix enlarges & chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes
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13
Q

interstitial growth

A
  1. chondrocytes divide in a lacuna surrounded by matrix
  2. daughter cells secrete matrix. cells move apart creating cartilage from within
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14
Q

what are the three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrous

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15
Q

what is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

tough and flexible (weakest)
reduces friction between bony surfaces

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16
Q

where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

between tips of ribs and bones of sternum supporting the larynx, trachea, bronchi

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17
Q

what are some histological facts about hyaline cartilage?

A

hard to see collagen fibers because they are tightly packed
the matrix is translucent

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18
Q

what is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

provides support, tolerates distortion and returns to original shape

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19
Q

where is elastic cartilage located?

A

auditory canal
epiglottis
larynx

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20
Q

what are some histological facts about elastic cartilage?

A

cells are closely packed together and visible between the chondrocytes
elastic fibers in matrix, chondrocytes in lacunae

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21
Q

what is the function of fibrous cartilage?

A

resists compression
prevents bone to bone compact
absorbs shocks

22
Q

where is fibrous cartilage located?

A

pads within knee joint (menisci)
between the pubic bones of the pelvis
intervertebral discs

23
Q

what are some histological facts about fibrous cartilage?

A

chondrocytes are relatively dense
collagen fibers!

24
Q

what are the function of the bones?

A

structural support
storage of minerals
hematopoeisis
protection
leverage

25
Q

what are 4 types of bone cells?

A

osteocytes
osteoblast
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoclast

26
Q

function of osteocytes

A

maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix
responsible for the deposition of calcium into the surrounding matrix

27
Q

where are osteocytes located

A

sit in depressions called lacunae

28
Q

function of osteoblasts

A

secrete organic components of the matrix
responsible for osteogenesis - the production of new bone

29
Q

where are osteoblasts located?

A

found in the inner or outer surfaces of bones

30
Q

what is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

heavily involved in repair of bones after a fracture
- stem cell that divides to produce osteoblasts

31
Q

where are osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

found in the innermost layer of the periosteum

32
Q

what is the function of an osteoclast?

A

secrete acids which dissolve bone matrix and release calcium into the blood (this process is called osteolysis

33
Q

where are osteoclasts located?

A

located on the bone surface in lacunae

34
Q

what are the two types of osseous Tissue?

A

compact bone and spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone

35
Q

what are characteristics of compact bone?

A
  • dense and solid
  • consists of osteons
36
Q

what are characteristics of spongy (trabecular/cancellous) bone?

A

open network of plates, lightweight
surrounds the medullary cavity
arranged in parallel struts, forms trabeculae

37
Q

what is an osteon?

A

a functional unit of bone

38
Q

what is the function of the periosteum?

A

surrounds the bone and protects and communicates with other systems

39
Q

what does the endosteum do?

A

lines the medullary cavity

40
Q

describe the diaphysis

A

shaft or middle of the bone transfers stress from the hip to the knee

41
Q

describe the epiphysis

A

ends of the bone, filled with spongy bone

42
Q

what is the metaphysis

A

the neck of the bone just before the epiphysis

43
Q

what are osteons parallel to?

A

the longitudinal axis of the body

44
Q

what is ossification

A

process of replacing other tissue with bone

45
Q

what is osteogenesis?

A

bone formation

46
Q

what is calcification?

A

deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

47
Q

what are the steps of intramembranous ossification?
(4 steps)

A
  1. differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblasts
  2. differentiation to osteocytes & formation of spicules
  3. entrapment of blood vessels
  4. formation of spongy bone
48
Q

what are the steps of Endochondral Ossification? (4 steps)

A
  1. chondrocytes enlarge
  2. blood vessels grow around cartilage
  3. blood supply to periosteum increases
  4. shaft fills with spongy bone
49
Q

what is the difference between appositional growth and longitudinal growth?

A

appositional growth adds to the thickness of a tissue, while longitudinal growth adds to its length.

50
Q

what factors regulate bone growth?

A
  1. nutrition
  2. hormones
  3. exercise

KINE 1P90 (6 decks)

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