Week 2 Intensive Flashcards
1
Q
Destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spore
A
Sterilization
2
Q
Destruction of some forms of life except bacterial spores
A
Disinfection
3
Q
Applied to skin; cannot be used as disinfectants
A
Antiseptic
4
Q
Applied to inanimate objects
A
Disinfectant
5
Q
Enumerate the 8 factors affecting degree of microbial killing
A
- Types of organisms
- Microbial load
- Concentration of disinfecting agent
- Presence of organic material
- Nature of surface to be disinfected
- Contact time
- Temperature
- pH
6
Q
Fill in the Blank; The _____ presents variability to withstand chemical and physical treatment
A
Type of Organisms
7
Q
Most resistant to least resistant type of organism; P - BS - M - NV - F - B - LV
A
Prions - Bacterial Spores - Mycobacteria - Nonlipid Viruses - Fungi - Bacteria - Lipid Viruses
8
Q
Most likely composed of organisms with varying degrees of susceptibility to killing agents
A
Microbial load
9
Q
True or False? Not all the organisms die at the same time (considering the microbial load)
A
TRUE
10
Q
Fill in the blank; The _____ numbers of organism, the _____ the exposure time
A
higher; longer
11
Q
True or False? The amount of disinfectant needed to destroy microorganisms varies with the different agents
A
TRUE
12
Q
True or False? Organic material such as blood, mucus, and pus affects killing activity by inactivating the disinfecting agent
A
TRUE
13
Q
True or False? Bleach is easily inactivated by organic material
A
TRUE
14
Q
True or False? The amount of time of a disinfectant or sterilant is important when considering the factors affecting the degree of microbial killing
A
TRUE
15
Q
2 methods of disinfection and sterilization are ____ and _____ method
A
Physical and Chemical Method
16
Q
True or False? Some advantage of using heat as disinfection and sterilization are it’s reliable effects, ease of use, shorter time and cost effectivity
A
TRUE
17
Q
Most common methods of heat disinfection and sterilization
A
Heat under steam, pressure, and autoclave
18
Q
Fill in the blank; steam under ___ atm of pressure, or ___ psi, ___ C for ___ minutes
A
1 atm, 15 psi, 121 degree celcius, 15 minutes
19
Q
True or False? All microorganisms can be eliminated using heat except for prions
A
TRUE
20
Q
Sterilization method of choice for heat-stable object?
A
Heat
21
Q
Sterilization method for heat-stable substances that are not penetrated by moist heat
A
Dry heat
22
Q
True or False? Dry heat has longer exposure times and requires higher temperature
A
TRUE
23
Q
Sterilization method for glass wares
A
Dry heat
24
Q
True or False? Boiling and pasteurization are considered as a disinfection method but not sterilization
A
TRUE
25
Fill in the blank; For pasteurization to occur, the heat should be at ___
63 degree celsius or 72 degree celsius
26
True or False? Boiling kill most microorganism in approximately 10 minutes
TRUE
27
Eliminates food-borne pathogens & organisms; responsible for food spoilage
Pasteurization
28
Method: Autoclave (Moist Heat), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?
121 degree celsius, 15 min at 15 psi, Sterilizes
29
Method: Oven (Dry Heat), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?
160-180 degree celsius, 1.5-3 hours, Sterilizes
30
Method: Boiling (Steam), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?
100 degree celsius, 15 miuntes, Disinfects
31
Method: Pasteurization (Flash Method), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?
72 degree celsius, 15 sec, Disinfects
32
Method: Pasteurization (Batch Method), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?
63 degree celsius; 30 mins, Disinfects
33
Requires thin membrane filters composed of plastic polymers or cellulose esters containing pores
Liquid filtration
34
Pore sizes needed for liquid filtration of bacteria, yeasts, and molds
0.45 and 0.8 micrometer
35
Pore size for critical sterilizing
0.22 micrometer
36
Pore size for small viruses
0.01 micrometer
37
Sterilization method for heat-sensitive solutions
Liquid filtration
38
Method of filtration that requires HEPA filters
Air filtration
39
What does "HEPA" stands for in HEPA filters
"high-efficiency particulate air" filter
40
True or False? Air filtration removes microorganisms larger than 0.3 micrometer
TRUE
41
Type of filtration used in laboratory hoods and in air systems
Air filtration
42
Fill in the blank; Disinfection/Sterilization using Radiation (Ionizing) uses ___
Gamma rays or electron beam
43
Fill in the blank; Disinfection/Sterilization using Radiation (Non-ionizing) uses ___
UV rays
44
True or False? Gamma rays or electric beam has shorter wavelegth hence higher energy
TRUE
45
True or False? UV rays has longer wavelegth hence lower energy
TRUE
46
Sterilization method for disposable supplies
Ionizing radiation
47
Disinfection method for surfaces
Non-ionizing radiation
48
Chemical agents that may be used to sterilize
Chemosterilizers
49
Fill in the blank; ___ percent ethyl or isopropyl alcohol may be used to disinfect or sterilized
60-90
50
Disadvantage of using alcohol
Inactivated by organic materials
51
Principle behind using alcohol
Inactivate microorganism by denaturing protein
52
Two aldehydes used for disinfection and sterilization
Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde
53
Component used in formaldehyde for disinfection and sterilization
Formalin
54
Fill in the blanks; Formaldehyde uses ___ or ___
37 percent aqueous solution; Formaldehyde gas
55
Principle behind using formaldehyde
Reaction with the thiol (–SH) groups of enzyme
56
Disadvantage of using formaldehyde
Carcinogenic agent
57
True or False? Formaldehyde is not recommended (in any form) be used as a disinfectant or sterilant on a routine basis
TRUE
58
Disinfection method for biosafety cabinets
Formaldehyde
59
Principle behind using glutaraldehyde
Inactivation of DNA and RNA through alkylation of sulfhydryl and amino groups
60
Advantage of using glutaraldehyde
Rapid killing action
61
Disadvantage of using glutaraldehyde
Extremely susceptible to pH
62
Disinfectant or Sterilant? 2% solution of glutaraldehyde for 10mins
Disinfectant
63
Disinfectant or Sterilant? 2% solution of glutaraldehyde for 3-10hrs
Sterilant
64
Sterilization method for heat labile medical equipment and materials that cant be sterilized with gas
Glutaraldehyde
65
True or False? Aldehydes are active at alkaline
TRUE
66
Principle behind using Halogens (Iodophors)
Degrades microbial cell walls and cytoplasm, denatures enzymes, and coagulates chromosomal material
67
Advantage of using Halogens (Iodophors)
Less irritating, nonstaining, and more stab
68
Iodine (5-10%) + neutral polymer =
Can be used as antiseptic (Iodophor)
69
True or False? Iodine can be used in two forms as antiseptic
TRUE
70
Contact time for Halogens (Iodophors)
> 30 seconds
71
Fill in the blanks; ___ + ___ = tincture
alcohols; iodine
72
Fill in the blanks; ___ + ___ = iodophor
iodine (5-10%) + neutral polymer carrier
73
Most common iodophor
Polyvidone or povidone
74
Two forms of hypochlorite (chlorine and chlorine compounds)
liquid sodium hypochlorite and solid calcium hypochlorit
75
Principle behind using Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)
Oxidative effects of hypochloro
76
Disadvantage of using Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)
long exposure time required for sporicidal action; inactivated by organic materials
77
0.5% to 1% sodium hypochlorite =
Can be used as disinfectant
78
Contact time for Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)
Atleast 3 mins
79
Recommendation of CDC for blood spills
1 : 10 dilution of a 5.25% concentration of sodium hypochlrite
80
Disinfection method for water
Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)
81
Principle behind using Detergents (Quaternary Ammonium Compound)
Reducing the surface tension of molecules in a liquid; disruption of the cellular membrane, resulting in leakage of cell contents
82
Disadvantage of using Detergents (Quaternary Ammonium Compound)
Effectiveness is reduced by hard water & soap; Inactivated by organic materials
83
Disinfection method for noncritical surfaces (benchtops and floors)
Detergents (Quaternary Ammonium Compound)
84
Commonly found as ingredients of germicidal soaps
Phenolics
85
Disinfection method for surfaces in hospitals and household environments
Phenolics
86
Principle behind using Phenolics
Disruption of cell walls leading to precipitation of proteins
87
Lower concentration of phenolics = ?
Distruption of enzyme systems
88
Topical antiseptic
Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)
89
Principle behind using Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)
Disrupts the microbial cell membrane and precipitates cellular contents
90
Advantage of using Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)
Strong affinity to the skin and mucous membranes; not significantly affected by organic mater
91
Disadvantage of using Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)
Affected by pH
92
Disinfection method for hands of surgical personnel and body of patients undergoing surgery
Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)
93
Effective against gram-positive bacteria (3% for 15-30 seconds)
Hexachlorophene
94
Principle behind using Hexachlorophene
Interrupts bacterial electron transport
95
Principle behind using Hexachlorophene at low concentration
Inhibits membrane-bound enzymes
96
Principle behind using Hexachlorophene at high concentration
Ruptures bacterial membranes
97
Disadvantage of using Hexachlorophene
With severe toxic effects
98
Principle behind using Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%)
Microbial cell wall disruption and enzyme inactivation
99
Advantage of using Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%)
Unaffected by organic materials
100
Disadvantage of using Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%)
Neutralized by nonionic surfactants and polyethylene glycol
101
Common example for Chloroxylenol (O.5% to 4%)
Parachlorometaxylenol [PCMX])
102
Disinfection method for health care personnel handwash and also acts as surgical hand scrub
Chloroxylenol (O.5% to 4%)
103
Principle behind using Triclosan
Disrupts the cell wall
104
Chemical used for disinfection and sterilization that is commonly found in consumer and proffesional health care products
Triclosan
105
Advantage of using Triclosan
Not significantly affected by organic ma
106
Disadvantage of using Triclosan
Affected by pH, surfactants and emollients; Formulation significantly affects activity; Absorbed through intact skin
107
Triclosan - Good activity: ?
Gram (+) & (-) bacteria & virus
108
Triclosan - Fair activity: ?
M. tuberculosis
109
Triclosan - Poor activity: ?
Fungi
110
4 chemicals used for sterilizing and disinfection under phenolics
Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%); Hexachlorophene; Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%); Triclosan
111
Disadvantage of using Heavy metals
Has toxic effects
112
Rarely used in clinical application and is slowly bactericcidal
Heavy metals
113
Used as preservatives for paint
Mercuric chloride
114
Prophylactic treatment to prevent gonococcal (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) conjunctivitis in newborns
Silver nitrate (1% eye drop solution)
115
3 chemicals used for sterilizing and disinfection under gases
Ethylene Oxide; Hydrogen peroxide; Periacetic acid (gaseous form)
116
Fill in the blanks; ___ of ethylene oxide per liter of chamber space at ___ for ___
450-700 mg; 55-60° C; 2 hours
117
Relative humidity of 30% ethylene oxide act as?
Sporicidal
118
Principle behind using Ethylene Oxide
Alkylation of nucleic acids in spore and vegetative cell
119
Sterilization method for materials that cannot withstand steam sterilization
Ethylene Oxide
120
True or False? Etylene oxide must be mixed with nitrogen or carbon dioxide before use
TRUE
121
Sterilant in the pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing industries
Hydrogen peroxide and Periacetic acid (gaseous form)
122
Type of containment barrier that protects the worker from the aerosolized transmission of organisms
Biological Safety Cabinets (BCS)
123
True or false? Any procedure that has the ability to create aerosols should be performed in a BSC
TRUE
124
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Minimal threat to laboratory personnel and environment
Biosafety level 1
125
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Agents that are well classified and are not known to cause disease
Biosafety level 1
126
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Bacillus subtilis
Biosafety level 1
127
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Most common type of BSC used in a microbiology laboratory
Biosafety level 2
128
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Agents that pose a moderate potential hazard for the employees and environment
Biosafety level 2
129
What level of biosafety does it coresponds to? HBV, HIV, Salmonella spp., and Toxoplasma spp.
Biosafety level 2
130
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? For infectious agents that are either indigenous/exotic or highly infectious
Biosafety level 3
131
What level of biosafety does it coresponds to? Potential for aerosol transmission
Biosafety level 3
132
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Diseases with these agents may have serious lethal
Biosafety level 3
133
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? M. tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus
Biosafety level 3
134
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? For agents that are dangerous and exotic
Biosafety level 4
135
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? High risk of causing life-threatening infections, can be transmitted by aerosols, or have an unknown risk of transmission
Biosafety level 4
136
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? For agents that are dangerous and exotic
Biosafety level 4
137
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Located in a separate building or is in an isolated zone within a building
Biosafety level 4
138
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Types: cabinet and suit
Biosafety level 4
139
What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Marburg and Congo-Crimean; Hemorrhagic fever
Biosafety level 4
140
Fill in the blank? Phenol Coefficient Test is also known as ___
Disinfectant test
141
Evaluate effectiveness of disinfectants
Phenol Coefficient Test
142
Fill in the blank? Phenol Coefficient Test utilizes ___ or ___ for the test
Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhi
143
Fill in the blank? Based on the dilution of phenol and experimental disinfectant are inoculated with the bacteria and incubated at ___.
20-37 deg C for 2-3 days
144
2 methods for phenol coeeficient test
Rideal Walker Test; Chick Martin Test
145
True or false? Considering the Bartlett's Grading System, Scores of 0 or less indicate lack of iinflammation or presence of saliva
TRUE
146
Used for check effectiveness of sterilizers
Bacillus subtilis var. niger
147
Used for biologic indicator for sterilizers
Bacillus subtilis var. globigii
148
Used for biologic indicator for ionizing radiation sterilizer
Bacillus pumilus
149
Used for moist heat
Bacillus stearothermophilus
