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Week 2 Intensive Flashcards

1
Q

Destruction of all forms of life including bacterial spore

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

Destruction of some forms of life except bacterial spores

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

Applied to skin; cannot be used as disinfectants

A

Antiseptic

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4
Q

Applied to inanimate objects

A

Disinfectant

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5
Q

Enumerate the 8 factors affecting degree of microbial killing

A
  1. Types of organisms
  2. Microbial load
  3. Concentration of disinfecting agent
  4. Presence of organic material
  5. Nature of surface to be disinfected
  6. Contact time
  7. Temperature
  8. pH
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6
Q

Fill in the Blank; The _____ presents variability to withstand chemical and physical treatment

A

Type of Organisms

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7
Q

Most resistant to least resistant type of organism; P - BS - M - NV - F - B - LV

A

Prions - Bacterial Spores - Mycobacteria - Nonlipid Viruses - Fungi - Bacteria - Lipid Viruses

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8
Q

Most likely composed of organisms with varying degrees of susceptibility to killing agents

A

Microbial load

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9
Q

True or False? Not all the organisms die at the same time (considering the microbial load)

A

TRUE

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10
Q

Fill in the blank; The _____ numbers of organism, the _____ the exposure time

A

higher; longer

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11
Q

True or False? The amount of disinfectant needed to destroy microorganisms varies with the different agents

A

TRUE

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12
Q

True or False? Organic material such as blood, mucus, and pus affects killing activity by inactivating the disinfecting agent

A

TRUE

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13
Q

True or False? Bleach is easily inactivated by organic material

A

TRUE

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14
Q

True or False? The amount of time of a disinfectant or sterilant is important when considering the factors affecting the degree of microbial killing

A

TRUE

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15
Q

2 methods of disinfection and sterilization are ____ and _____ method

A

Physical and Chemical Method

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16
Q

True or False? Some advantage of using heat as disinfection and sterilization are it’s reliable effects, ease of use, shorter time and cost effectivity

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Most common methods of heat disinfection and sterilization

A

Heat under steam, pressure, and autoclave

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18
Q

Fill in the blank; steam under ___ atm of pressure, or ___ psi, ___ C for ___ minutes

A

1 atm, 15 psi, 121 degree celcius, 15 minutes

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19
Q

True or False? All microorganisms can be eliminated using heat except for prions

A

TRUE

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20
Q

Sterilization method of choice for heat-stable object?

A

Heat

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21
Q

Sterilization method for heat-stable substances that are not penetrated by moist heat

A

Dry heat

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22
Q

True or False? Dry heat has longer exposure times and requires higher temperature

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Sterilization method for glass wares

A

Dry heat

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24
Q

True or False? Boiling and pasteurization are considered as a disinfection method but not sterilization

A

TRUE

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25
Q

Fill in the blank; For pasteurization to occur, the heat should be at ___

A

63 degree celsius or 72 degree celsius

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26
Q

True or False? Boiling kill most microorganism in approximately 10 minutes

A

TRUE

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27
Q

Eliminates food-borne pathogens & organisms; responsible for food spoilage

A

Pasteurization

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28
Q

Method: Autoclave (Moist Heat), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?

A

121 degree celsius, 15 min at 15 psi, Sterilizes

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29
Q

Method: Oven (Dry Heat), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?

A

160-180 degree celsius, 1.5-3 hours, Sterilizes

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30
Q

Method: Boiling (Steam), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?

A

100 degree celsius, 15 miuntes, Disinfects

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31
Q

Method: Pasteurization (Flash Method), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?

A

72 degree celsius, 15 sec, Disinfects

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32
Q

Method: Pasteurization (Batch Method), Temp: ? , Duration: ?, Application: ?

A

63 degree celsius; 30 mins, Disinfects

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33
Q

Requires thin membrane filters composed of plastic polymers or cellulose esters containing pores

A

Liquid filtration

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34
Q

Pore sizes needed for liquid filtration of bacteria, yeasts, and molds

A

0.45 and 0.8 micrometer

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35
Q

Pore size for critical sterilizing

A

0.22 micrometer

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36
Q

Pore size for small viruses

A

0.01 micrometer

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37
Q

Sterilization method for heat-sensitive solutions

A

Liquid filtration

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38
Q

Method of filtration that requires HEPA filters

A

Air filtration

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39
Q

What does “HEPA” stands for in HEPA filters

A

“high-efficiency particulate air” filter

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40
Q

True or False? Air filtration removes microorganisms larger than 0.3 micrometer

A

TRUE

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41
Q

Type of filtration used in laboratory hoods and in air systems

A

Air filtration

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42
Q

Fill in the blank; Disinfection/Sterilization using Radiation (Ionizing) uses ___

A

Gamma rays or electron beam

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43
Q

Fill in the blank; Disinfection/Sterilization using Radiation (Non-ionizing) uses ___

A

UV rays

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44
Q

True or False? Gamma rays or electric beam has shorter wavelegth hence higher energy

A

TRUE

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45
Q

True or False? UV rays has longer wavelegth hence lower energy

A

TRUE

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46
Q

Sterilization method for disposable supplies

A

Ionizing radiation

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47
Q

Disinfection method for surfaces

A

Non-ionizing radiation

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48
Q

Chemical agents that may be used to sterilize

A

Chemosterilizers

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49
Q

Fill in the blank; ___ percent ethyl or isopropyl alcohol may be used to disinfect or sterilized

A

60-90

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50
Q

Disadvantage of using alcohol

A

Inactivated by organic materials

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51
Q

Principle behind using alcohol

A

Inactivate microorganism by denaturing protein

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52
Q

Two aldehydes used for disinfection and sterilization

A

Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde

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53
Q

Component used in formaldehyde for disinfection and sterilization

A

Formalin

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54
Q

Fill in the blanks; Formaldehyde uses ___ or ___

A

37 percent aqueous solution; Formaldehyde gas

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55
Q

Principle behind using formaldehyde

A

Reaction with the thiol (–SH) groups of enzyme

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56
Q

Disadvantage of using formaldehyde

A

Carcinogenic agent

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57
Q

True or False? Formaldehyde is not recommended (in any form) be used as a disinfectant or sterilant on a routine basis

A

TRUE

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58
Q

Disinfection method for biosafety cabinets

A

Formaldehyde

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59
Q

Principle behind using glutaraldehyde

A

Inactivation of DNA and RNA through alkylation of sulfhydryl and amino groups

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60
Q

Advantage of using glutaraldehyde

A

Rapid killing action

61
Q

Disadvantage of using glutaraldehyde

A

Extremely susceptible to pH

62
Q

Disinfectant or Sterilant? 2% solution of glutaraldehyde for 10mins

A

Disinfectant

63
Q

Disinfectant or Sterilant? 2% solution of glutaraldehyde for 3-10hrs

64
Q

Sterilization method for heat labile medical equipment and materials that cant be sterilized with gas

A

Glutaraldehyde

65
Q

True or False? Aldehydes are active at alkaline

66
Q

Principle behind using Halogens (Iodophors)

A

Degrades microbial cell walls and cytoplasm, denatures enzymes, and coagulates chromosomal material

67
Q

Advantage of using Halogens (Iodophors)

A

Less irritating, nonstaining, and more stab

68
Q

Iodine (5-10%) + neutral polymer =

A

Can be used as antiseptic (Iodophor)

69
Q

True or False? Iodine can be used in two forms as antiseptic

70
Q

Contact time for Halogens (Iodophors)

A

> 30 seconds

71
Q

Fill in the blanks; ___ + ___ = tincture

A

alcohols; iodine

72
Q

Fill in the blanks; ___ + ___ = iodophor

A

iodine (5-10%) + neutral polymer carrier

73
Q

Most common iodophor

A

Polyvidone or povidone

74
Q

Two forms of hypochlorite (chlorine and chlorine compounds)

A

liquid sodium hypochlorite and solid calcium hypochlorit

75
Q

Principle behind using Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)

A

Oxidative effects of hypochloro

76
Q

Disadvantage of using Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)

A

long exposure time required for sporicidal action; inactivated by organic materials

77
Q

0.5% to 1% sodium hypochlorite =

A

Can be used as disinfectant

78
Q

Contact time for Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)

A

Atleast 3 mins

79
Q

Recommendation of CDC for blood spills

A

1 : 10 dilution of a 5.25% concentration of sodium hypochlrite

80
Q

Disinfection method for water

A

Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds (Hypochlorite)

81
Q

Principle behind using Detergents (Quaternary Ammonium Compound)

A

Reducing the surface tension of molecules in a liquid; disruption of the cellular membrane, resulting in leakage of cell contents

82
Q

Disadvantage of using Detergents (Quaternary Ammonium Compound)

A

Effectiveness is reduced by hard water & soap; Inactivated by organic materials

83
Q

Disinfection method for noncritical surfaces (benchtops and floors)

A

Detergents (Quaternary Ammonium Compound)

84
Q

Commonly found as ingredients of germicidal soaps

85
Q

Disinfection method for surfaces in hospitals and household environments

86
Q

Principle behind using Phenolics

A

Disruption of cell walls leading to precipitation of proteins

87
Q

Lower concentration of phenolics = ?

A

Distruption of enzyme systems

88
Q

Topical antiseptic

A

Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)

89
Q

Principle behind using Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)

A

Disrupts the microbial cell membrane and precipitates cellular contents

90
Q

Advantage of using Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)

A

Strong affinity to the skin and mucous membranes; not significantly affected by organic mater

91
Q

Disadvantage of using Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)

A

Affected by pH

92
Q

Disinfection method for hands of surgical personnel and body of patients undergoing surgery

A

Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%)

93
Q

Effective against gram-positive bacteria (3% for 15-30 seconds)

A

Hexachlorophene

94
Q

Principle behind using Hexachlorophene

A

Interrupts bacterial electron transport

95
Q

Principle behind using Hexachlorophene at low concentration

A

Inhibits membrane-bound enzymes

96
Q

Principle behind using Hexachlorophene at high concentration

A

Ruptures bacterial membranes

97
Q

Disadvantage of using Hexachlorophene

A

With severe toxic effects

98
Q

Principle behind using Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%)

A

Microbial cell wall disruption and enzyme inactivation

99
Q

Advantage of using Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%)

A

Unaffected by organic materials

100
Q

Disadvantage of using Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%)

A

Neutralized by nonionic surfactants and polyethylene glycol

101
Q

Common example for Chloroxylenol (O.5% to 4%)

A

Parachlorometaxylenol [PCMX])

102
Q

Disinfection method for health care personnel handwash and also acts as surgical hand scrub

A

Chloroxylenol (O.5% to 4%)

103
Q

Principle behind using Triclosan

A

Disrupts the cell wall

104
Q

Chemical used for disinfection and sterilization that is commonly found in consumer and proffesional health care products

105
Q

Advantage of using Triclosan

A

Not significantly affected by organic ma

106
Q

Disadvantage of using Triclosan

A

Affected by pH, surfactants and emollients; Formulation significantly affects activity; Absorbed through intact skin

107
Q

Triclosan - Good activity: ?

A

Gram (+) & (-) bacteria & virus

108
Q

Triclosan - Fair activity: ?

A

M. tuberculosis

109
Q

Triclosan - Poor activity: ?

110
Q

4 chemicals used for sterilizing and disinfection under phenolics

A

Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.5% to 4%); Hexachlorophene; Chloroxylenol (0.5% to 4%); Triclosan

111
Q

Disadvantage of using Heavy metals

A

Has toxic effects

112
Q

Rarely used in clinical application and is slowly bactericcidal

A

Heavy metals

113
Q

Used as preservatives for paint

A

Mercuric chloride

114
Q

Prophylactic treatment to prevent gonococcal (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) conjunctivitis in newborns

A

Silver nitrate (1% eye drop solution)

115
Q

3 chemicals used for sterilizing and disinfection under gases

A

Ethylene Oxide; Hydrogen peroxide; Periacetic acid (gaseous form)

116
Q

Fill in the blanks; ___ of ethylene oxide per liter of chamber space at ___ for ___

A

450-700 mg; 55-60° C; 2 hours

117
Q

Relative humidity of 30% ethylene oxide act as?

A

Sporicidal

118
Q

Principle behind using Ethylene Oxide

A

Alkylation of nucleic acids in spore and vegetative cell

119
Q

Sterilization method for materials that cannot withstand steam sterilization

A

Ethylene Oxide

120
Q

True or False? Etylene oxide must be mixed with nitrogen or carbon dioxide before use

121
Q

Sterilant in the pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturing industries

A

Hydrogen peroxide and Periacetic acid (gaseous form)

122
Q

Type of containment barrier that protects the worker from the aerosolized transmission of organisms

A

Biological Safety Cabinets (BCS)

123
Q

True or false? Any procedure that has the ability to create aerosols should be performed in a BSC

124
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Minimal threat to laboratory personnel and environment

A

Biosafety level 1

125
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Agents that are well classified and are not known to cause disease

A

Biosafety level 1

126
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Bacillus subtilis

A

Biosafety level 1

127
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Most common type of BSC used in a microbiology laboratory

A

Biosafety level 2

128
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Agents that pose a moderate potential hazard for the employees and environment

A

Biosafety level 2

129
Q

What level of biosafety does it coresponds to? HBV, HIV, Salmonella spp., and Toxoplasma spp.

A

Biosafety level 2

130
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? For infectious agents that are either indigenous/exotic or highly infectious

A

Biosafety level 3

131
Q

What level of biosafety does it coresponds to? Potential for aerosol transmission

A

Biosafety level 3

132
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Diseases with these agents may have serious lethal

A

Biosafety level 3

133
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? M. tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis virus

A

Biosafety level 3

134
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? For agents that are dangerous and exotic

A

Biosafety level 4

135
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? High risk of causing life-threatening infections, can be transmitted by aerosols, or have an unknown risk of transmission

A

Biosafety level 4

136
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? For agents that are dangerous and exotic

A

Biosafety level 4

137
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Located in a separate building or is in an isolated zone within a building

A

Biosafety level 4

138
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Types: cabinet and suit

A

Biosafety level 4

139
Q

What level of biosafety does it corresponds to? Marburg and Congo-Crimean; Hemorrhagic fever

A

Biosafety level 4

140
Q

Fill in the blank? Phenol Coefficient Test is also known as ___

A

Disinfectant test

141
Q

Evaluate effectiveness of disinfectants

A

Phenol Coefficient Test

142
Q

Fill in the blank? Phenol Coefficient Test utilizes ___ or ___ for the test

A

Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella typhi

143
Q

Fill in the blank? Based on the dilution of phenol and experimental disinfectant are inoculated with the bacteria and incubated at ___.

A

20-37 deg C for 2-3 days

144
Q

2 methods for phenol coeeficient test

A

Rideal Walker Test; Chick Martin Test

145
Q

True or false? Considering the Bartlett’s Grading System, Scores of 0 or less indicate lack of iinflammation or presence of saliva

146
Q

Used for check effectiveness of sterilizers

A

Bacillus subtilis var. niger

147
Q

Used for biologic indicator for sterilizers

A

Bacillus subtilis var. globigii

148
Q

Used for biologic indicator for ionizing radiation sterilizer

A

Bacillus pumilus

149
Q

Used for moist heat

A

Bacillus stearothermophilus

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