Week 1 Terminology Flashcards
It is the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, molds,and protozoa, microorganisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Microbiology
Was a Dutch microbiologist and microscopist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. Known as “the Father of Microbiology”, and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists.
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek
Was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
Louis Pasteur
Was an English polymath active as a scientist. Credited as one of the first two scientists to discover microorganisms using a compound microscope that he built himself.
Robert Hooke
Was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Renowned German physician and microbiologist, credited with identifying the precise causes of lethal infectious diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. A key pioneer in modern bacteriology.
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch
Was a British bacteriologist whose focus was the epidemiology and pathology of bacterial pneumonia.
Frederick Griffith
Was a Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist. He is remembered as the codiscoverer of the bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague or pest, which was later named in his honor: Yersinia pestis
Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin
Bacillus responsible for the bubonic plague or pest
Yersinia pestis
Was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first vaccine.
Edward Jenner
The term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.
Variolae vaccinae
Two main branches of microbiology are
Pure Microbiology and Applied Microbiology
Sub-classes of pure microbiology are based on the __________ being studied and their function.
types of microorganisms
Sub-classes of applied microbiology are based on the __________ of various microorganisms
interactions and applications
Focuses on the study of bacteria, including their structure, function, biochemistry, classification, genetics, and interactions with other organisms.
Bacteriology
Involves the study of viruses, including their structure, replication mechanisms, and their impact on host organisms and diseases.
Virology
Is the study of fungi, including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. Mycologists study the biochemical properties, genetics, toxicity, ecology, and medical relevance of fungi.
Mycology
It deals with the study of parasites, which are organisms that live in or on a host organism and often cause diseases.
Parasitology
Phycology is also known as ________
Algology
Revolves around the scientific study of algae.
Phycology (Algology)
It focuses on the immune system in all organisms; Wide range of disorders such as hypersensitivities, immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases.
Immunology
Study of protozoa or single-celled protists that feed by heterotrophy and are not animals, plants, or fungi.
Protozoology
It is the study of nematodes or roundworms such as hookworms, ascarids, pinworks, and filaria, which are found as parasites in humans.
Nematology
Studies the inter actions between microbes and their environment, including their roles in nutrient cycling and ecosystem processes.
Environmental Microbiology
It is a large and diverse branch of microbiology that’s concerned with the study of microorganisms that cause human diseases.
Medical Microbiology
Microorganisms can be used in various industrial processes, such as the drug production, industrial fermentation, food preservation, biopolymers, and wastewater treatment
Industrial Microbiology
It focuses on the safety and quality control of healthcare and pharmaceutical products, ensuring they are free from harmful microorganisms.
Pharmaceutical Microbiology
It focuses on microorganisms in food, with special attention to food safety, preservation, fermentation, and spoilage.
Food & Dairy Microbiology
This branch explores the role of microorganisms in agriculture, including soil nutrients, soil fertility, plant-microbe interactions, and microbial degradation of soil.
Agricultural Microbiology
Studies microorganisms in aquatic environments, including oceans, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, and their impact on aquatic ecosystems.
Aquatic Microbiology
Aeromicrobiology involves the study of airborne microbes and how they affect other organisms.
Aeromicrobiology
Investigates the genetic makeup of microorganisms, their gene expression, mutations, and how genes are transferred among microbes
Microbial Genetics
Early stage of a disease preceding the adaptive phase of the immune response
Acute phase
Organism that does not require oxygen for life and reproduction.
Anaerobe
Protein or immunoglobulin molecule characterized by specific amino acid sequence produced by the host as a result of a specific antigenic stimulation.
Antibody
Substance that produces sensitivity and initiates an immune response
Antigen
Destruction of microorganisms to prevent infection
Antisepsis
Presence of viable bacteria in the blood, as evidenced by their recovery in blood cultures
Bacteremia
Antimicrobial that kills a microorganism
Bactericidal
Proteins produced by some bacteria that inhibit the growth of other strains of the same organism or related specie.
Bacteriocin
Microorganism that grows best in the presence of carbon dioxide
Capnophile
Removal of microbes that may cause disease from an environment
Disinfection
Substance designed to be used on inanimate objects to kill or destroy diseaseproducing microorganisms
Disinfectant
Microorganism causing a disease.
Etiologic agent
Hard to grow; requires additional growth factors.
Fastidious
Genetic makeup of an organism.
Genotype
Bacteria that retain the crystal violet–iodine complex and appear blue-black on Gram-stained smears.
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet complex; stained red by the safranin counterstain.
Gram-Negative Bacteria
“Salt-loving”; an organism that grows best in media with an increased concentration of NaCl
Halophilic
Ability of an immune system to mobilize and deploy its antibodies and other responses to stimulation by an antigen.
Immunocompetent
Describe an individual with deficient function of the immune system
Immunocompromised
Describe the state of an immune system that is suppressed
Immunosuppression
Permits the infection to evolve without any obvious external symptoms.
Latent phase
Organism that grows best in moderate temperature, neither hot nor cold
Mesophile
Microorganism that grows in conditions of reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide.
Microaerophile
Microorganisms that require environments containing concentrations of oxygen lower than that present in the atmosphere
Microaerophilic
Total number of organisms present
Microbial load
Microorganism that requires oxygen for growth.
Obligate aerobe
Microorganism that can live and reproduce only in a strict anaerobic environment (0% oxygen).
Obligate anaerobe
Infection acquired within 72 hours of a stay in a health care facility.
Nosocomial infection -
Disease caused by a microorganism with low virulence that becomes pathogenic in a host with low immunologic resistance.
Opportunistic infection
Ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
Pathogenicity
Observable or measurable characteristics of an organism.
Phenotype
Systemic response to bacterial infection
Sepsis
Not inhibited by the usual systemic concentrations of the antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedules
Resistant strain
Implies that an infection caused by the bacterial strain tested may be appropriately treated with the dosage of antimicrobial agent recommended for that type of infection and infecting species.
Susceptible
Implying that the agent might be effective for infections located at body sites where the drugs are physiologically concentrated, or when a high dosage of drug can be used.
Intermediate
Disease that humans acquire from exposure to infected animals or products made from infected animals
Zoonosis
Pertains to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
Zoonotic
