Week 2 Infection Control Flashcards
Infection
Growth of microorganism in body tissue where it does not originate
Infectious agent
Microorganism found in tissue where it does not originate
Disease
Detectable alteration in normal tissue function
Virulence
Ability to produce disease, diseases severity, and ability to spread
Pathogenicity
Ability to produce disease
Sepsis
Acute organ dysfunction after infection
4 major category of microorganisms that cause infections in humans
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites
Bacteria
The most common. Can live and be transported through water, air, food, body tissue, fluids, and objects
Viruses
Common virus families:
Rhinoviruses(cold), hepatitis, herpes, and autoimmune viruses
Fungi
Yeast and mold.
Candida albicans is yeast that is normal flora in human vagina
Parasites
Live on on other living organisms
They include: protazoa(like the one that causes malaria, helminths(worm), and anthropods(mites, fleas, ticks)
Types of infections
Local
Systemic
Bacteremia
Local infection
Only specific part of the body
Systemic infection
When pathogen spreads to other parts of the body
Bacteremia
When blood culture shows microorganisms
Infection control in nursing
Septicemia-when bacteremia results in systemic infection
Acute infection
Appear suddenly or last a short time
Chronic infection
Occurs slowly over long period of time
Hospital acquired infection
UTI-most common organism in urinary tract is escherichia coli (bad cathater technique) enterococcus(contamination of closed drainage system) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (poor hand hygiene)
Surgical sites-most common microO staphylococus aureus which includes MRSS(poor hand hyg.), enterococcus species including vancomycin resistant strains(improper dressing technique and pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Blood stream-most common microO include coagulase negative staphylococus aureus (inadequate hand hygiene) and emterococcus species (inadequate IV care)
Pneumonia-most common microO staphylococus aureus(poor hand hygiene), psuedomonas aeruginosa and enterobacyer species
Chain of infection
Infectious agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit from reservoir
Method of transmission
Portal of entry
susceptible host
Etiological/infectious agent
Pathogen
Reservoir
Sources of microorganisms; humans, own microorganisms, plants, animals etc.
Carrier-reservoir who shows no symptoms
Portal of exit from reservoir
Before a infection can get into a host it must leave the reservoir.
Human and animal reservoir most common exit is body fluids.
Method of transmission
Direct transmission-human to human. kissing, sex, etc.
Indirect transmission-anything other than human. can be vehicle borne (any substance that introduces pathogen to host; inanimate object) or vector borne(animal, insect, etc. that transport disease.
Airborne
Portal of entry
Often enter through same source they left host
Susceptible host
Anyone at risk for infection. Compromised host is at increased risk.
Defense against infection
Specific and nonspecific
Nonspecific
Protects against all microorganism regardless of prior exposure.
Include physical and anatomical barriers and inflammation.
Anatomical and physical barriers
Skin and mucous is first line of defense
Lungs have alveloar macrophages(phagocytes)
Mouth gets rid if mucous epithelium to get rid of colinizers
Saliva has inhibitors
Eye uses tears
Stomach acud
Resident flora of large intestine prevent pathogen growth
Peristalsis moves microbes out of body
Anatom and phys continued.
Girls in puberty and beyond has low ph in vagina to prevent microbe growth
Urine prevents bacteria from entering urethra
Inflammatory response
Local and nonspecific defense response of tissue to injury or infection. It destroys or dilutes. Prevents soread of injury and repairs tissue.
Stage 1-vascular and cell response
Stage 2-exudation with fluids and dead cells
Stage 3-reparative stage-repair of tissue
Specific defense
Immune response-antibody mediated defense and cellular mediated defense
Antibody mediated defense(circulating immunity)
Defense are located in B lynphocytes and mediated by antibodies produced by B cells
Active immunity-when the body makes its own antibodies and long lasting
Passive immunity-gets external antiboies and short term
Cell mediated defense
Occurs through T cell system
Helper T cells-help in the function of the immune system
Cytotoxic T cells-kills pathogens and sometimes bodies own cells
Suppressor T cells suppress previous celks
Specific immmunity
Immunity to certain pathogens based on antibodies
Types if bath
Assist, complete, partial
Assist
Wash areas hard to reach
Partial
Wash only areas absolutely necessary including perineum
Who has special consideration for bath
Those with dementia or obesity
Oral care
Improves appetite
Reduces pneumonia incidents
Who completes patient ADLs
CNA
Can RN cut nails
No because of neuropathy or PVD in diabetics
What types of disease make it less likely to feel pain
Neurological or circulatory
Foot care
Check for breaking of skin, cracks, and id heels are hard
How should unconscious patients be positioned while receiving oral care
On their side
CAUTI
Cather acquired urinary tract infection
Digoxin
Must take vital signs before administering
Must assess pulse
If pulse lower than 60, can not give Digoxin
