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TERM 3 N2161 KNLG 2 > WEEK 2 HTN & CAD > Flashcards

WEEK 2 HTN & CAD Flashcards

1
Q

What is the formula used to determine cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

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2
Q

What is the average cardiac output?

A

5 L/min

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3
Q

What is the formula used to determine blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output (SV x HR) x peripheral vascular resistance

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4
Q

What blood pressure reading is considered hypertension?

A

Above 140/90 (130/80 if pt has comorbidities)

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5
Q

What kind of hypertension makes up 90% of cases, and has no known trigger?

A

Essential/primary hypertension

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6
Q

What kind of hypertension is caused by a pre-existing condition in the patient?

A

Secondary hypertension

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7
Q

What kind of hypertension is considered a hypertensive emergency, and what blood pressure value would it be?

A

Malignant hypertension, above 180/120

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8
Q

Name 3 organs that hypertension will cause end organ damage in

A
  1. Heart/vasculature
  2. Kidneys
  3. Brain
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9
Q

Name 5 non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension

A
  1. Gender: male
  2. Age: >55 M, >65 F
  3. Ethnicity: SE Asian
  4. Family history
  5. Chronic diseases
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10
Q

Name 6 modifiable risk factors for hypertension

A
  1. Sedentary lifestyle
  2. High alcohol consumption
  3. Obesity
  4. Hyperlipidemia
  5. Excessive sodium intake
  6. Smoking
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11
Q

How much exercise per week should adults get?

A

150 min/week (30-60 min, 4-7 days per week)

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12
Q

What is the normal BMI range?

A

18.5-24.5

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13
Q

What are 4 things nurses must educate patients about in regards to hypertension management?

A
  1. Disease pathology and trajectory
  2. Role of medication
  3. Medication side effects
  4. Lifestyle modification
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14
Q

Briefly explain the pathophysiology of CAD

A

Lipid deposition of plaques from blood to damaged coronary arteries, causing hardening and narrowing

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15
Q

What are the 4 stages of atherosclerosis development?

A
  1. Endothelial damage
  2. Inflammation: macrophages, platelets, “fatty streak”
  3. Thrombosis
  4. Scar tissue
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16
Q

What is the difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

A

Polyunsaturated fats can accommodate less cholesterol than monounsaturated

17
Q

What are the 5 levels in a lipid panel?

A
  1. Total cholesterol
  2. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
  3. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol
  4. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
  5. Triglycerides
18
Q

Which type of cholesterol takes fat from cells and delivers it to the liver to be eliminated?

A

HDL

19
Q

Which type of cholesterol carries fat to cells of the body?

A

LDL

20
Q

Which type of cholesterol carries triglycerides to fat and muscle cells, and is usually present in low amounts?

A

VLDL

21
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Fat from food we eat, composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

22
Q

What is the term for an imbalance of any part of the lipid profile?

A

Dyslipidemia

23
Q

What kind of foods decrease LDL while increasing HDL?

A

Foods high in fiber and unsaturated fats

24
Q

What vitamin raises HDL and lowers LDL?

A

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

25
Q

Which diagnostic test looks for ischemia related changes on ECG and symptoms such as chest pain while increasing oxygen demand on the heart?

A

Exercise stress test

26
Q

Which diagnostic test increases heart rate through exercise or persantine, then tracks distribution of radioactive dye to note areas of ischemia?

A

MIBI nuclea scan

27
Q

Which diagnostic test uses ultrasound to measure the size of the heart chambers, valves, and ejection fraction?

A

Echocardiogram

28
Q

Which diagnostic test is a 24-hour ECG where the patient keeps a diary of activity and symptoms during certain times?

A

Holter monitor

29
Q

Which diagnostic test is the “gold standard” for diagnosing coronary artery disease, but is invasive and expensive?

A

Angiogram

30
Q

What are 3 points to include in patient teaching for stable angina?

A
  1. Rest frequently
  2. Avoid overeating, smoking, excess caffeine
  3. Wait 2 hours after eating to exercise
31
Q

What are 3 BP regulating mechanisms that can result in the development of HTN if defective?

A
  1. Release of norepinephrine
  2. Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
  3. Activation of the RAA system
32
Q

What is a major consideration in the mgmt of an older person with hypertension?

A

Use careful technique in assessing BP because of the possible presence of an auscultatory gap

33
Q

What are 3 management strategies for a patient in a hypertensive emergency?

A
  1. Measure hourly urine output
  2. Continuous BP monitoring with an intra-arterial line
  3. Assessing pt for signs of heart failure and changes in mental status
34
Q

If a client with hypertension still has elevated blood pressure after 12 months of lifestyle modifications, what is the next step in treatment?

A

Medications

35
Q

What is the main reason that hypertension leads to organ damage?

A

It promotes atherosclerosis

TERM 3 N2161 KNLG 2 (13 decks)

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