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TERM 3 N2161 KNLG 2 > WEEK 2 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES & DIURETICS > Flashcards

WEEK 2 ANTIHYPERTENSIVES & DIURETICS Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the action of ACE inhibitors

A

Blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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2
Q

What are 2 therapeutic effects of ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. Prevent vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II
  2. Prevent the release of aldosterone
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3
Q

Name 1 example of an ACE inhibitor

A

Ramipril (Altace)

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4
Q

Name 3 side effects associated with ACE inhibitors

A
  1. Dry cough
  2. Hypotension
  3. Renal dysfunction/hyperkalemia
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5
Q

Which ethnic group do ACE inhibitors have a higher chance of causing adverse effects in?

A

African americans (angioedema)

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6
Q

What are 2 medications that interact negatively with ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. Potassium (inc. risk for hyperkalemia)
  2. NSAIDs (decrease effectiveness, harder on kidneys)
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7
Q

Describe the action of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

A

Blocks angiotensin II receptors at various sites, to prevent vasoconstriction and aldosterone release

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8
Q

Name 2 therapeutic effects of ARBs

A
  1. Prevent the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II
  2. Prevent the release of aldosterone thereby preventing fluid retention
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9
Q

Name 1 example of an ARB

A

Losartan

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10
Q

Name 3 side effects of ARBs

A
  1. Hypotension
  2. Hyperkalemia
  3. Diarrhea
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11
Q

Name 2 medications that interact negatively with ARBs

A
  1. Potassium (inc. risk for hyperkalemia)
  2. NSAIDs (decrease effectiveness, harder on kidneys)
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12
Q

Describe the action of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)

A

Blocks entry of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells to inhibit contraction

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13
Q

Name 2 therapeutic effects of CCBs

A
  1. Reduces blood pressure by decreasing heart rate and contractility, and inhibiting vasoconstriction
  2. Prevents angina by decreasing the heart’s demand for oxygen by decreasing heart rate and contractility
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14
Q

Name 1 example of a CCB

A

Amlodipine

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15
Q

Name 3 side effects of CCBs

A
  1. Hypotension (dizziness and headache)
  2. Peripheral edema
  3. Constipation
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16
Q

What 2 comorbid conditions should CCBs be used with caution in?

A
  1. Hepatic impairment
  2. Severe CHF
17
Q

Describe the action of beta blockers

A

Blocks stimulation of myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptors

18
Q

Name 3 therapeutic effects of beta blockers

A
  1. Decreases blood pressure by decreasing heart rate
  2. Prevents angina by reducing the oxygen demand of the heart
  3. Slows the progression of heart failure by decreasing afterload
19
Q

Name 1 example of a beta blocker

A

Metoprolol

20
Q

Name 3 side effects of beta blockers

A
  1. Erectile dysfunction
  2. Fatigue/weakness
  3. Hypotension/dizziness
21
Q

What are 2 reasons beta blockers would be held?

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Pulmonary edema
22
Q

What 2 comorbid conditions should beta blockers be used with caution in?

A
  1. Diabetes (may mask hypoglycemia)
  2. Asthma/COPD (bronchospasm)
23
Q

Why should beta blockers not be abruptly discontinued?

A

May cause rebound hypertension

24
Q

When should diuretics be held?

25
Q

Which drug class may inhibit the effects of some diuretics?

26
Q

Describe the action of thiazide diuretics

A

Inhibits sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule to increase excretion of water, sodium, and other electrolytes

27
Q

Name 1 example of a thiazide diuretic

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

28
Q

Name a contraindication unique to thiazide diuretics

A

Sulfa allergy

29
Q

Name a side effect unique to thiazide diuretics

A

Hyperglycemia

30
Q

Describe the action of loop diuretics

A

Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle to increase excretion of water and electrolytes

31
Q

Name 1 example of a loop diuretic

A

Furosemide

32
Q

What are 2 side effects of both loop and thiazide diuretics?

A
  1. Hypokalemia
  2. Hypotension
33
Q

Which drugs may cause ototoxicity when taken with loop diuretics?

A

Aminoglycosides

34
Q

Describe the action of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Antagonizes aldosterone to cause sodium bicarbonate and calcium loss while saving potassium and hydrogen ions

35
Q

What are 2 therapeutic effects of loop, thiazide, and potassium-sparing diuretics?

A
  1. Lowers BP by decreasing blood volume
  2. Promotes diuresis in patients with edema
36
Q

Name 1 example of a potassium-sparing diuretic

A

Spironolactone

37
Q

Name 2 side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics

A
  1. Hyperkalemia
  2. Hypotension
38
Q

Name a contraindication unique to potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Severe renal impairment (CrCl <30)

TERM 3 N2161 KNLG 2 (13 decks)

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