Week 2 - Health behaviour and substance misuse Flashcards
What is the medical model of disability?
- Disability is understood as an individual problem
- The impairment is the disability
- Regards the difficulties that the people with impairments experience as being caused by the way in which their bodies are shaped and experienced
Why is the medical model bad?
Can affect the way that disabled people think about themselves
- “All disabled peoples problems stem from not having normal bodies”
- Can be led to believe that their impairments automatically prevent them from taking part in social activities
- Can make disabled less likely to challenge their exclusion from mainstream society
Define an impairment, disability and handicap using the medical model of disability
- Impairment = any loss or abnormality of physiological, psychological or anatomical structure/function
- Disability = any restriction or lack, resulting from an impairment, of ability to perform any activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being
- Handicap = a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability, that prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors for that individual
What is the social model of disability?
- Created by disabled people themselves
- Disability is understood as an unequal relationship within a society in which the needs of people with impairments are often given little or no consideration
Define impairment and disability using the social model of disability
- Impairment = lacking part or all of a limb, or having a defective limb, organ or mechanism of the body
- Disability = the advantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organisation which takes little or no account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities
What are the different types of barriers for people with disabilities in accessing healthcare?
- Institutional
- Attitudinal and behavioural
- Physical/environmental
What are some institutional barriers for people with disabilities in accessing healthcare?
- Poor implementation of equality and diversity policies
- Lack of staff training
- The practice not monitoring the needs of disabled people within their population
- Lack of effort to promote patient involvement amongst disabled people
What are some attitudinal/behavioural barriers for people with disabilities in accessing healthcare?
- Staff may see them as difficult patients
- Staff don’t treat them with respect
- Disabled people may not feel confident enough to get involved in patient-involvement activities
What are some physical/environmental barriers for people with disabilities in accessing healthcare?
- Lack of interpretors
- Counter height at surgery
- Poorly planned disabled parking
- Lack of easy read signage
- Lack of information in Braille/audio
What is health related behaviour?
Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness, e.g.:
- Smoking
- Drinking
- Drug use
- Taking exercise
- Eating a healthy diet
- Safe sex behaviour
- Taking up screening activities
- Adhering to treatment regimens
Why are we concerned about health related behaviour?
At least 1 third of all disease burden is caused by tobacco, alcohol, blood pressure, cholesterol and obesity
- I.e. Behavioural risk factors
What are the different learning theories and social cognition models for health behaviour?
Learning theories: - Classical conditional - Operant conditioning - Social learning theory Social cognition models: - Theory of planned behaviour - Health belief model - Cognitive dissonance theory
Describe classical conditioning
- E.g. pavlov’s dogs
- Force of habit
- Many physical responses can be classically conditioned, e.g. anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy, phobias
- Can be unconsciously paired with the environment or emotions
Describe operant conditioning
- Where peoples actions on the environment and behaviour is shaped by consequences
- Behaviour is reinforced if it is rewarded or a punishment is removed
- Behaviour decreases if it is punished or a reward is taken away
- Unhealthy behaviour is immediately rewarding
- – E.g. chocolate, unsafe sex, alcohol, smoking
What are the limitations of classical and operant conditioning?
- Based on simple stimulus-response associations
- No account of cognitive processes, knowledge, beliefs, memory, expectations, attitudes, etc.
- No account of social context
