Week 2: Emotion

Question 1

True or false: Emotional reactions are partly subjective and partly objective patterns of behaviour and physiological arousal

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What type of emotions narrow our attention?

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

How do emotional experiences affect us?

Answer 3

They alter our thought processes by directing our attention, and trigger an action tendency to behave in certain ways.

Question 4

What is an action tendency?

Answer 4

The motivation to behave in certain ways.

Question 5

What do the objective aspects of emotion include?

Answer 5

Learned and innate expressive displays and physiological responses.

Question 6

What are the subjective aspects of emotion triggered by?

Answer 6

First triggered by the “thinking” self and then felt as happening to the self. We are both agent and object.

Question 7

What are emotions?

Answer 7

Positive or negative transitory experiences that are felt as happening to the self, are generated in part by cognitive appraisal of a situation, and are accompanied by both learned and innate physical responses.

Question 8

How is the central nervous system (CNS) involved in emotion?

Answer 8

Several brain areas are involved in the generation of emotions, as well as in our experience of those emotions. The brain regions are: - The limbic system (amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus) - Motor Cortex (the pyramidal motor system and the extrapyramidal motor system). Damage here means people may response to emotions unusually. - Cerebral Cortex (left and right hemisphere).

Question 9

How is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) involved in emotion?

Answer 9

The ANS carries information between the brain and most organs of the body . It coordinates the functioning of these organs to meet the body’s general needs and to prepare it for change. Therefore, The ANS gives rise to many of the physiological changes associated with emotional arousal. e.g If your hands get cold and clammy when you are nervous, it is because the ANS has increased perspiration and decreased the blood flow in your hands.

Question 10

How does is the limbic system central to emotion?

Answer 10

Specifically, the amygdala, is critical to learning emotional associations, recognising expressions and perceiving emotionally charged words.

Question 11

Which two divisions is the ANS organised into?

Answer 11

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 12

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 12

The subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that usually prepares the organism for vigorous activity by realizing noradrenaline onto target organs.

Question 13

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 13

The subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that typically influences activity related to the protection, nourishment and growth of the body by releasing acelylcholine onto target organs.

Question 14

Which system triggers the fight or flight syndrom?

Answer 14

The sympathetic nervous system. This syndrome prepares the body to fight or to run from a threatening situation by releasing noradrenaline and adrenaline into the bloodstream by the gland, thereby activating all sympathetic target organs.

Question 15

What is James Peripheral Theory of Emotion?

Answer 15

The cause of emotion is due to acitivty in the peripheral nervous system (e.g physiological responses). For example, if you see a snake and run away you are not afraid because you saw a snake, but because the running made you fearful.

Question 16

According to James peripheral theory, is emotional experience generated in the brain alone?

Answer 16

No. They are created by specific patterns of peripheral (autonomic responses). E.g anger is associated with increased blood flow in the hands and feet; fear is associated with decreased blood flow in these areas.

Question 17

What does James’s there mean for somebody with a spinal chord injury?

Answer 17

As this injury would reduce feedback from peripheral responses, the intensity o emotions felt would reduce.

Question 18

Which theory of emotion forms the basis of the lie detection industry?

Answer 18

James theory of emotion, because if people experience anxiety or guilt when they lie, specific patterns of physiological activity accompanying these emotions should be detectable on instruments, called polygraphs, that record heart rate, breathing, perspiration and other autonomic responses

Question 19

In a lie detection test, should an innocent person have a stronger emotion response to control questions that to relevant questions?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

What is the directed lie test?

Answer 20

A test that compares a person’s physiological reactions when asked to lie about something and when telling what is known to be the truth

Question 21

What is the guilty knowledge test? (in lie detection)

Answer 21

A test that seeks to determine if a person reacts in a notable way to information about a crime that only a criminal would know

Question 22

True or false: Statistics about the accuracy of polygraphs are abundant

Answer 22

False. They are difficult to obtain.

Question 23

What is Cannon’s Central Theory?

Answer 23

That emotional experience starts in the central nervous system – specifically, in the thalamus, the brain structure that relays information from most sense organs to the cortex. So, when you see a snake, the brain receives sensory information about it, perceives it as a snake, and directly creates the experience of fear while at the same time sending messages to the heart, lungs and muscles to do what it takes to run away. In other words, Cannon said that the experience of emotion appears directly in the brain, with or without feedback from peripheral response.

Question 24

What is the Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion?

Answer 24

According to Schachter, when that snake approaches your tent, the emotion you experience might be fear, excitement, astonishment or surprise, depending on how you label your bodily reactions. Cognitive interpretation of events and of physiological reactions to them shapes emotional experiences. Autonomic arousal can be experienced as anxiety or excitement, depending on how it is labelled. A single event can lead to different emotions, depending on weather it is perceived as threatening or challenging. Schachter also said that labelling of arousal depends on attribution, that is, the process of explaining the causes of an event.

Question 25

What is the Excitation Transfer Theory of Emotion?

Answer 25

That physiological arousal stemming from one situation is carried over to and enhances emotional experience in an independent situation.

The excitation-transfer process is not limited to a single emotion.

Question 26

What is “emotion culture”?

Answer 26

Rules that govern what emotions are appropriate in what circumstances and what emotional expressions are allowed. These rules can vary between genders and from culture to culture.

Question 27

What are the primary emotions considered by western theorists?

Answer 27

Joy, anger, sadness, fear, love, liking and dislike

Question 28

What is social referencing?

Answer 28

The process of letting another person’s emotional state guide our own behaviour.

Question 29

How many emotion related words does the english language have?

Answer 29

Over 500 labels

Question 30

Emotions are organized ____________ and________ to changes in our relationship to the world. These reactions are partly _________, experiences and partly ________, measurable patterns of behaviour and physiological arousal.

Answer 30

Psychological and physiological. Private, or subjective; objective

Question 31

Emotions are __________. They can be ________ or ________.

Answer 31

Temporal. Positive (joy); Negative (sadness).

Question 32

________ emotions tend to narrow attention and _________ emotions tend to widen our attention.

Answer 32

Negative; Positive

Question 33

Emotional experience alters

Answer 33

Thought processes by directing attention towards some things and away from others.

Question 34

Positive emotions such as joy, contentment and pride, often lead to:

Answer 34

To playfulness, creativity and exploration of the environment. These behaviours, in turn, can generate further positive emotions by creating stronger social ties, greater skill at problem solving.

Question 35

Negative emotions such as sadness and fear, promote:

Answer 35

Withdrawal from threatening situations, whereas anger might lead to actions aimed at revenge or constructive change.

Question 36

The Pyramidal Motor System control:

Answer 36

The voluntary facial movements (fake smile) ,like all voluntary movements. The pyramidal motor system, a brain system that includes the motor cortex.

Question 37

The extrapyramidal motor System of the Motor Cortex controls:

Answer 37

The involuntary facial movements (genuine smile of happiness) like the other facial movements associated with emotions.

Question 38

The Limbic System, Facial Expressions (Motor Cortex) and the Cerebral Cortex help:

Answer 38

Process emotion in the brain.

Question 39

Damage to the amygdala may incur in:

Answer 39

People being unable to judge other people’s emotional states by looking at their faces.

Question 40

Incoming sensory information alerts the brain to an emotion-evoking situation. Most of the information goes through the:

Answer 40

Thalamus

Question 41

James’ view that different patterns of physiological activity are associated with different emotions forms the basis for the lie detection industry. If people experience anxiety or guilt when they lie, specific patterns of physiological activity accompanying these emotions should be detectable on instruments called:

Answer 41

Polygraphs, that record heart rate, breathing, perspiration and other autonomic responses.

Question 42

Schachter- Singer Theory and Excitation Transfer Theory are part of:

Answer 42

Cognitive Theories of Emotion

Question 43

There are Innate expressions of emotions that Darwin suggested that may be

Answer 43

Hereditary. A furrowed brow is frequently associated with frustration, and pride is often associated with a slight smile accompanied by a slight backwards tilt of the head. Anger is also linked with a facial expression recognized by almost all cultures.

Question 44

Darwin believed that expressions are:

Answer 44

Universal.

Question 45

Are all emotional expressions innate or universal?

Answer 45

No. Some are learned through contact with a particular culture and all of them even innate expressions are flexible enough to change as necessary in the social situations in which they occur.

Question 46

Emotions are associated with activity in the ______________ as well as with responses elsewhere in the body called ________. and with cognitive interpretations of events.

Answer 46

Central Nevous System (the brain and Spinal Cord); Peripheral repsonses.

Question 47

William james focused on the:

Answer 47

Perception of the peripheral responses such as changes in the heart rate.

Question 48

Walter Cannon focused on:

Answer 48

The view that emotion could occur entirely within the brain.

Question 49

Stanley Schachter focused on:

Answer 49

Cognitive factors, including how we interpret events and how we label our peripheral responses to them

Question 50

Viktor has just been rudely pushed by a stranger. Consistent with Schachter-Singer’s cognitive labelling theory, Viktor should be most angered by the stranger if he had recently finished

Answer 50

Running

Question 51

In class, both Ned and Allen are called out by the teacher for their performance on the science exam. In Ned’s culture, it is considered a reward to be individually recognised in a group, so he is happy. In Allen’s culture, it is considered a dishonour to the group for him to be singled out, so he feels shame. The theory of emotion that best accounts for these different experiences is

Answer 51

The conceptual acts of model

Question 52

Tyra is about to go on the Millennium Force rollercoaster at an amusement park. As she gets on the ride, she finds that her mouth is dry, her hands are sweaty and her heartbeat has increased. The ___________ nervous system is responsible for Tyra’s bodily changes.

Answer 52

Sympathetic

Question 53

Because Lola’s mouth is dry, her hands are sweaty and her heartbeat has increased, she experiences the emotion of ‘fear’. This is consistent with ___________ theory of emotion.

Answer 53

James’ peripheral

Question 54

Before coming to his final exam, Howie drank four cans of Surge (which contains a lot of caffeine). As the final was being passed out, Howie became aware that his hands were shaking and his heart was beating fast. According to ___________ theory, whether Howie attributed his shaking hands and beating heart to ingesting a lot of caffeine or to being concerned about the final would affect his emotional experience.

Answer 54

The Schachter-Singer

Question 55

You were happy with your grade of B on the biology test until you realised that your friend in the class received a D after studying very hard. As a result, you feel sad for your friend. This most clearly illustrates that emotional experience:

Answer 55

Can be both positive and negative.

Question 56

Lie detector tests use what assumption in detecting liars?

Answer 56

Lying is emotionally arousing.

Question 57

Universally recognized emotions are:

Answer 57

Sadness. anger and disgust.

Question 58

In Australia it is customary that men shake hands when greeting other male friends. However, in the Middle East it is customary that men will greet each other with a kiss on the cheek. These differences in displaying emotions demonstrates the existence of:

Answer 58

Emotion Culture

Question 59

Serena is upset that she is not allowed to push the trolley at the supermarket. She cries for several minutes, but once her mother asks her to help select items from the shelf, Serena is smiling and happy. This scenario shows that emotions tend to be:

Answer 59

Temporary

Question 60

Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Answer 60

Emotion is a result of our evaluation of how an event affects our wellbeing

Question 61

The concepual acts of Model

Answer 61

Instances of emotion are constructed throughout the entire brain by multiple brain networks in collaboration. Ingredients going into this construction include interoception, concepts, and social reality. Interoceptive predictions provide information about the state of the body and ultimately produce basic, affective feelings of pleasure, displeasure, arousal, and calmness. Concepts are embodied knowledge (from your culture), including emotion concepts. Social reality provides the collective agreement and language that make the perception of emotion possible among people who share a culture.

Question 62

According to Howard Gardner, a Harvard psychologist. There are multiple forms of intelligence, specifically eight. These include:

Answer 62

Linguistic intelligence

Logical-mathematical intelligence

Musical Intelligence

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence

Spatial intelligence

Interpersonal intelligence

Intrapersonal intelligence

Naturalist intelligence

Question 63

Linguistic intelligence

Answer 63

Perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages.

Question 64

Logical-mathematical intelligence

Answer 64

Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic.

Question 65

Musical intelligence

Answer 65

Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist.

Question 66

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence

Answer 66

High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks;

Question 67

Spatial intelligence

Answer 67

Ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space;

Question 68

Interpersonal intelligence

Answer 68

Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others.

Question 69

Intrapersonal intelligence

Answer 69

Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behaviour and reach personal goals;

Intrapersonal emotional regulation, or self-regulation, is is the ability to control one’s own emotions and behaviour. Children who cannot regulate their emotions tend to experience anxiety and distress and have trouble recovering from stressful events. Self-regulation is most effectively learned by children who experience harmonious interactions at home under the guidance of supportive and competent parents.

Question 70

Naturalist intelligence

Answer 70

High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it.

Question 71

Emotional intelligence.

Answer 71

This encompasses the ability to understand the emotions of oneself and that of others. Some researchers such as Daniel Goleman argue that emotional intelligence is in fact a better predictor of success later in life than traditional intelligence.