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week 2 chronic inflamm Flashcards

1
Q

what are 2 types of immune responses?

A

innate, adaptive

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2
Q

General features of innate immune system?

A

-present in all animals
-always ready
-recognizes broad group of related microbes or other threats
-mediated by variety of cells and mediators
-does not have memory

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3
Q

General features of adaptive immune system?

A

-present in vertebrates
-highly specific
-recognizes specific molecules
-antigen specific lymphocytes effective against a particular antigen
-memory

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4
Q

what cells are the bridge from innate to adaptive immunity

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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5
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Antigen uptake and presentation in lymphoid tissue, phagocytosis, cytokine production

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6
Q

what do b cells do

A

mature into plasma cells to produce antibodies

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7
Q

what do helper t cells do?

A

help macrophages kill engulfed pathogens, help activated B cells to produce antibodies

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8
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

directly kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens

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9
Q

What do Naive CD8 and CD4 T-cells do?

A

Present in secondary lymphoid organs awaiting activation.
Receptor diversity conveys specificity

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10
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Antigen presentation to activate T cells , phagocytosis, cytokine secretion

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11
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

T and B cells AKA Lymphocytes

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12
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop?

A

Bone marrow (B cell)
Thymus (T cell)

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13
Q

How do lymphocytes develop?

A

They first develop in primary lymphoid organs to be “educated” and then move to secondary lymphoid organs to await exposure to a specific antigen to which they are “born” to respond to

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14
Q

How is the diversity of cells that express different T and B cell receptors achieved?

A

Gene rearrangement

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15
Q

How is injury detected?

A

Signals that initiate adaptive immunity are delivered to lymph nodes via lymphatic and blood vessels

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16
Q

Overview of adaptive immunity- 4 steps?

A
  1. virus infects and replicates within the epithelium
  2. dendritic cell activation
  3. T and B cell priming in lymph node
  4. adaptive immunity
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17
Q

what is an example of recruitment of adaptive immunity

A

clonal expansion

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18
Q

what is clonal expansion

A
  1. activated B/T cells (those that have recognized specific antigens) are stimulated to divide and produce the number of cells needed to remove the insult
  2. pathogen activated lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells that eliminate the pathogen
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19
Q

what allows recognition in adaptive immunity

A

T cell and B cell receptors

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20
Q

Unlike innate immune response, recognition in adaptive immune response is highly ________

A

specific

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21
Q

What are T cell receptors

A

-one specific TCR per cell but many copies on cell surface
-specificity determined by antigen binding site
-transmembrane receptor , never secreted
-detects antigen bound on MHC (processed)

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22
Q

what are B cell receptors

A

-only one specific BCR per cell but many copies on the cell surface
-antigen specificity determined by antigen binding site
-can be membrane bound or secreted (antibodies)
-detects native (unprocessed) antigen

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23
Q

T cell receptors are _____ receptors and ______ secreted

A

transmembrane
never

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24
Q

B cell receptors are ________receptors and _______ secreted

A

membrane bound
can be

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25
Q

dendritic cells specifically do what in t cell recognition?

A

engulf offending agents/antigens and travel to lymph nodes from damaged tissues via afferent lymphatics

26
Q

how does antigen presentation work?

A
  1. agents/antigens enter site of damage
  2. enter lymph node
  3. resident macrophages engulf them
  4. both dendritic cells and macrophages present antigens to T cells in the lymph node
27
Q

What do T cells require for presentation?

A

Antigen presenting
Antigens must be bound to MHC

28
Q

what cells are three types of “professional” antigen presenting cells

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. B cells
29
Q

how do dendritic cells activate T cell activation?

A
  1. dendritic cell takes up pathogen for degradation
  2. pathogen is taken apart inside the dendritic cell
  3. pathogen proteins are unfolded and cut into small pieces
  4. peptides bind to MHC molecules and the complexes go to the cell surface
  5. t cell receptors bind to the peptide: MHC complexes on dendritic cell surface
30
Q

what are the different MHC types

A

MHC 1
MHC2

31
Q

what is MHC 1 composed of?

A

one chain and beta 2 macroglobulin

32
Q

what is MHC 2 composed of?

A

2 chains

33
Q

where do MHC 1 and MHC 2 present antigens?

A

MHC1 : presents antigens taken up from inside cell
MHC 2: presents antigens taken up from outside the cell

34
Q

where are MHC 1 and 2 present on?

A

MHC1 : present on all cells
MHC2: only present on professional antigen presenting cells

35
Q

only ____________ express both MHC1 and MHC2

A

professional APCs

36
Q

How does MHC binding to T cells work?

A
  1. antigen present on APC surfaces either on MHC 1 or MHC 2
  2. interact with naive T cells- CD8 or CD4
  3. MHC 1 binds to CD8
  4. MHC 2 binds to CD4
37
Q

CD8 activates to become

A

cytotoxic T cell

38
Q

CD4 activates to become

A

helper T cells

39
Q

What is involved in removal?

A

T helper cells and Cytotoxic T cell

40
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

-Stay in lymph node and activate B cells to secrete antibodies
-leave lymph nodes and activate macrophages

41
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do

A

-leave lymph nodes
-kill pathogen infected cells

42
Q

Do B cells require antigen presentation?

A

No because B cell receptors bind to natural forms of antigen
But, they need help from CD4 and T helper cells

43
Q

how do helper t cells interact with b cells?

A
  1. b cell receptor binds antigen
  2. internalizes antigen via endocytosis and breaks it down
  3. breakdown products bind to MHC 2 present on endocytic vesicles
  4. MHC 2 bound product presented on the surface of B cell
  5. If B cell encounters a T helper cell that recognizes this complex, T helper cell activates the B cell
  6. activated b cells (plasma cells) secrete antibodies
44
Q

what are the 2 regions of an antibody

A

variable , constant

45
Q

most activated T and B cells become_________, some become __________

A

short lived effector cells
long lived memory cells

46
Q

are cardinal signs present in chronic inflammation?

A

yes but less evident

47
Q

what are causes of chronic inflammation

A

-persistent infection
-viruses, parasites
-hypersensitivity disease
-excessive/inappropriate activation of the immune system
-prolonged exposure to toxic agents

48
Q

what is present during chronic inflammation

A

mononuclear cells
macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
tissue destruction
attempts at healing
fibrosis and angiogenesis

49
Q

what occurs at the site of infection?

A

-macrophages are stars of the show
-continue to secrete cytokines and growth factors
-phagocytosis
-interact with cells of adaptive immunity
-eventual signal to down regulate response and initiate resolution

50
Q

what happens when macrophages can’t engulf?

A

-get “frustrated” and fuse
-form multinucleate giant cells
-either Langhan’s type or foreign body type

51
Q

what is the morphology of Langhan’s type

A

nuclei on periphery

52
Q

what is morphology of foreign body type

A

nuclei more central

53
Q

what are lymphocytes and plasma cells indicative of

A

adaptive immune response

54
Q

what immune response are eosinophils part of

A

innate immunity

55
Q

what are some gross morphology evidence of healing?

A

-fibrosis
-collagen secreted by fibroblasts
-makes lesions firmer

56
Q

gross morphology of chronic exudates?

A

-thicker, chunkier
-due to loss of fluid and mechanisms of infiltrating cells

57
Q

what is fibrin

A

-produced by cleavage of fibrinogen
-friable, thin, easily broken down
-acute

58
Q

what is fibrosis

A

-collagen produced by fibroblasts
-firm, hard to break down
-chronic

59
Q

abscess grossly?

A

-attempt to wall off offending agent
-a localized collection of neutrophils
-central liquid region of necrotic inflammatory cells
-with time becomes walled off by a fibrous capsule

60
Q

grossly granuloma

A

-attempt to wall off offending agent
-solid mass of epithelioid macrophages
-may include multinucleate cells
-may have a central area of necrosis
-with time becomes walled off by a fibrous capsule

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